{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:13:50Z","timestamp":1788426830969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017691","name":"Guangxi Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AB2506910019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AB2506910019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Flooding (FS) and drought (DS) reduce maize yield and water use efficiency by inducing anaerobic respiration and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS). We tested foliar glycine betaine (GB) in three maize genotypes, GD668 (water\u2010tolerant), ZF505 (water\u2010sensitive), and GD0810 (drought\u2010tolerant), subjected to FS or DS at the V3 stage using a factorial design of genotype \u00d7 water stress \u00d7 GB, with measurements at Day 4, Day 8, and after rewatering or drainage. Both stresses inhibited root growth, decreased leaf relative water content (RWC) and water potential (Wp), destabilized instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE), and increased hydrogen peroxide (H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), superoxide (O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and membrane permeability (Mp), with ZF505 most affected. GB improved root traits, increased RWC and Wp, stabilized IWUE, and reduced H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    , and Mp. GB also enhanced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, suppressed excessive pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) activity, and limited ethanol (ETOH) and pyruvic acid (PA) accumulation. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of GD668 and ZF505 indicated that GB up\u2010regulated starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis genes (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>ZmSPS, ZmHK<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), modulated\n                    <jats:italic>ZmPDC<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and regulated lipid and betaine\u2010related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>ZmMGD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ZmDGD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ZmSQD2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ZmCHPT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>ZmBADH<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), supporting central carbon flux and membrane stability. A two\u2010year field study (2022\u20132023) confirmed genotype\u2010dependent mitigation, with the strongest effect in ZF505. Overall, the results indicate that GB stabilizes IWUE under opposite water stresses by moderating fermentative intensity and supporting membrane lipid remodeling, with stronger benefits in the sensitive genotype.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.71017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T22:10:57Z","timestamp":1785103857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycine Betaine Mitigates Flooding and Drought Damage in Maize by Regulating Respiration,\n                    <scp>ROS<\/scp>\n                    Homeostasis, and Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6285-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiuyang","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agro\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3155-5204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haseeb","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agro\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasnain","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agro\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0877-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agro\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University  Nanning China"},{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Guangxi Minzu Normal University  Chongzuo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juzhi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maize Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-7191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xunbo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro\u2010Environment and Agro\u2010Products Safety, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University  Nanning China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2019.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-008-9331-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10561-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1582332"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167971"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2010.02232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127401"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04851-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14914"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/stresses3010008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2009.01253.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2021.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-020-02624-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2022.107603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44279-024-00152-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-024-00922-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14615"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2025.112479"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcr128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1213839"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-023-04225-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16958"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17429145.2018.1506516"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.109.151845"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.650215"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.16.00346"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.627331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07388551.2021.1874280"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112540"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82264-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-011-0140-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.111.175570"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","first-page":"1890","article-title":"The Maize Single\u2010Nucleus Transcriptome Comprehensively Describes Signaling Networks Governing Movement and Development of Grass Stomata","volume":"34","author":"Sun G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00631-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae564"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73704-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060360"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad317"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-019-0790-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098446"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06505-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101072"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgg.2024.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.129288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s44372-025-00346-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2023.108527"}],"container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppl.71017","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/ppl.71017","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/ppl.71017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T08:23:24Z","timestamp":1788423804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/ppl.71017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/ppl.71017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ppl.71017","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-9317","1399-3054"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-9317","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3054","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-03-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71017"}}