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However, the physiological effects of heat and drought exposure in this species remain poorly characterised, particularly, in local varieties of national relevance. In this study, we investigated the primary metabolism of young plants of the Marta\u00ednha variety subjected to drought (25% of maximum water\u2010holding capacity) and\/or high temperatures (42\u00b0C, 4\u2009h\u2009day\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). After 21\u2009days of stress, exposure to heat alone induced distinct physiological adjustments, including increased stomatal conductance, transpiration and net CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    assimilation, as well as changes in mineral composition. Conversely, drought alone or in combination with heat, impaired plant growth, inducing clear signs of oxidative damage and redox imbalance. This was accompanied by negative impacts on photosynthesis, including reduced gas exchange and dysregulation of photochemical processes. In addition, parameters related to nitrogen and carbon metabolism were also affected under drought, as evidenced by reduced levels of nitrate, ammonium and amino acids, downregulation of glutamine synthetase activity and increased sugar accumulation. Notably, water scarcity also led to oxidative damage. Finally, both drought and heat influenced potassium and calcium accumulation in leaves. Overall, our findings support that drought is the primary driver of physiological impairment in chestnut, while heat employs significant but distinct effects and modulates plant responses under combined stress. In addition, the responses observed in Marta\u00ednha suggest genotype\u2010specific strategies and highlight the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying stress tolerance in this species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.71040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T03:45:44Z","timestamp":1785815144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Drought Over Heat Stress in Modulating Physiological and Metabolic Responses of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Castanea sativa<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Mill. Var. Marta\u00ednha"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1215-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipa","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center &amp; INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"CITAB\u2014Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro\u2010Environmental and Biological Sciences &amp; INOV4AGRO, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s\u2010Os\u2010Montes e Alto Douro  Vila Real Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3486-6502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Mateus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center &amp; INOV4AGRO, Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1423-9952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GreenUPorto\u2014Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center &amp; 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