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Across the tree of life, these molecules exhibit remarkable structural and functional diversity, enabling organisms to fine\u2010tune photoprotection, redox homeostasis, membrane organization, and stress\u2010responsive signaling. In this review, we provide a conceptual synthesis of carotenoid diversity and function across organisms, with emphasis on how carotenoid composition and accumulation are dynamically regulated under environmental and biotic stresses. We highlight stress\u2010induced carotenoid plasticity, manifested as selective accumulation, rerouting of pathways, and the production of signaling apocarotenoids as a central adaptive strategy across photosynthetic organisms. Finally, we discuss emerging evidence and competing hypotheses regarding the mechanistic diversity of non\u2010photochemical quenching and the evolving yet debated role of carotenoids in energy\u2010dependent quenching. 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