{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:13:35Z","timestamp":1789456415938,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014439","name":"Partnership for Research and Innovation in the Mediterranean Area","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["J83C24000800006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J83C24000800006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Physiologia Plantarum"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As climate change intensifies drought across the Mediterranean basin, safeguarding durum wheat, a cornerstone of regional agriculture, is a global priority. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel biostimulant, containing glycine betaine, vaterite, and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas protegens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with a specific focus on a critical factor: the application timing. To distinguish preventive (pre\u2010stress) and restorative (post\u2010stress) strategies, the treatment was applied either before or after drought induction in drought\u2010sensitive durum wheat seedlings. Drought severely inhibited growth, increased lipid peroxidation, and altered nutrient profiles. The effect of the biostimulant was highly dependent on application timing. Pre\u2010stress application mainly induced tissue\u2010specific metabolic and oxidative responses. In contrast, post\u2010stress treatment promoted recovery of shoot biomass to values comparable to well\u2010watered controls and was associated with increased stomatal density and leaf greenness relative to untreated drought\u2010stressed plants. Post\u2010stress treatment also produced a root morphological profile closer to that of control plants and a shoot ionomic pattern more similar to well\u2010watered plants. Selected stress\u2010responsive genes showed lower transcript levels in biostimulant\u2010treated than in untreated drought\u2010stressed plants, indicating treatment\u2010associated changes in the expression of specific stress\u2010related pathways during recovery. These findings highlight post\u2010stress biostimulant application as a promising timing\u2010dependent strategy to support the recovery of drought\u2010sensitive durum wheat seedlings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.71104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:50:24Z","timestamp":1789455024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Timing Matters: Post\u2010Stress Biostimulant Application Promotes Growth Recovery and Physiological Rebalancing in Drought\u2010Stressed Durum Wheat (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Triticum durum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Desf.)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Spada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2174-0169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moez","family":"Maghrebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Quagliata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3036-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Coppa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7734-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-3866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianpiero","family":"Vigani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino  Torino Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-8783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Astolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE) University of Tuscia  Viterbo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12081917"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22058\/jpmb.2015.17022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11233289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2021.107988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.12614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1582332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00018060","article-title":"Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water\u2010Stress Studies","volume":"39","author":"Bates L. 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