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Advances in technology have resulted in the introduction of a range of new methods for use in nonsurgical periodontal therapy, including machine\u2010driven instruments, lasers, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and local antimicrobial\u2010delivery devices. However, these methods have not been shown to offer significant benefits over and above nonsurgical debridement using hand instruments. The method of debridement is therefore largely dependent on the preferences of the operator and the patient. Recent evidence indicates that specific systemic antimicrobials may be indicated for use as adjuncts to nonsurgical debridement in patients with advanced disease. Full\u2010mouth disinfection protocols have been proven to be a relevant treatment option. We have learned that while nonsurgical and surgical methods result in similar long\u2010term treatment outcomes, surgical therapy results in greater probing\u2010depth reduction and clinical attachment gain in initially deep pockets. The surgical technique chosen seems to have limited influence upon changes in clinical attachment gain. What has not changed is the importance of thorough mechanical debridement and optimal plaque control for successful nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T09:13:59Z","timestamp":1365671639000},"page":"218-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":284,"title":["Surgical and nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Learned and unlearned concepts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Lisa J. 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