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Whilst the main etiological factors (i.e. toothbrushing trauma and bacterial plaque) are well established, challenges still remain to be solved in the diagnostic, prognostic and classification processes of gingival recession, especially when the main reference parameter \u2013 the cemento\u2013enamel junction \u2013 is no longer detectable on the affected tooth or when there is a slight loss of periodontal interdental attachment. Root coverage in single type gingival recession defects is a very predictable outcome following the use of various surgical techniques. The coronally advanced flap, with or without connective tissue grafting, is the technique of choice. The adjunctive use of connective tissue grafts improves the probability of achieving complete root coverage. Surgical coverage of multiple gingival recessions is also predictable with the coronally advanced flap and the coronally advanced flap plus the connective tissue graft, but no data are available indicating which, and how many, gingival recessions should be treated adjunctively with connective tissue grafting in order to limit patient morbidity and improve the esthetic outcome. None of the allograft materials currently available can be considered as a full substitute for the connective tissue graft, even if some recent results are encouraging. The need for future studies with patient\u2010based outcomes (i.e. esthetics and morbidity) as primary objectives is emphasized in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]],"date-time":"2015-04-13T04:28:19Z","timestamp":1428899299000},"page":"333-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":298,"title":["Periodontal plastic surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Zucchelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilham","family":"Mounssif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1983.0030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1987.tb01517.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070414"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.8.998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1992.tb01148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2003.74.10.1520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Abnormal gingival form","volume":"61","author":"Alldritt W","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Use of the supraperiosteal envelope in soft tissue grafting for root coverage. 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