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It consists of underlying connective tissue and a stratified keratinized epithelium with a basement membrane, whose cells undergo terminal differentiation resulting in the formation of a mechanically resistant surface. Gingival keratinocytes are connected by various transmembrane proteins, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions, each of which has a specialized structure and specific functions. Periodontal pathogens are able to induce inflammatory responses that lead to attachment loss and periodontal destruction. A number of studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of pathogenic oral bacteria influence the expression and structural integrity of different cell\u2013cell junctions. Tissue destruction can be mediated by host cells following stimulation with cytokines and bacterial products. Keratinocytes, the main cell type in gingival epithelial tissues, express a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin\u20101alpha, interleukin\u20101beta, interleukin\u20106, interleukin\u20108 and tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha. Furthermore, the inflammatory mediators that may be secreted by oral keratinocytes are vascular endothelial growth factor, prostaglandin E\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , interleukin\u20101 receptor antagonist and chemokine (C\u2010C motif) ligand 2. The protein family of matrix metalloproteinases is able to degrade all types of extracellular matrix protein, and can process a number of bioactive molecules. Matrix metalloproteinase activities under inflammatory conditions are mostly deregulated and often increased, and those mainly relevant in periodontal disease are matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13 and 24. Viral infection may also influence the epithelial barrier. Studies show that the expression of HIV proteins in the mucosal epithelium is correlated with the disruption of epithelial tight junctions, suggesting a possible enhancement of human papilloma virus infection by HIV\u2010associated disruption of tight junctions. Altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases was demonstrated in keratinocytes transformed with human papilloma virus\u201016 or papilloma virus\u201018,. To summarize, the oral epithelium is able to react to a variety of exogenous, possibly noxious influences.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,7]],"date-time":"2015-08-07T17:04:16Z","timestamp":1438967056000},"page":"46-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Epithelial barrier and oral bacterial infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Sabine 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