{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T15:15:42Z","timestamp":1793114142409,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]],"date-time":"2016-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1459728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bad breath (halitosis) is an important social complaint. In most cases (\u226590%), the cause of halitosis can be found within the oral cavity. Under this circumstance, the term oral malodor applies. It affects both healthy and periodontally diseased individuals. Oral malodor is mainly caused by a microbial degradation of both sulfur\u2010containing and nonsulfur\u2010containing amino acids into volatile, bad\u2010smelling gases. Anaerobic gram\u2010negative bacteria, the same species that have been linked to periodontal diseases, are especially involved in this process, explaining why clinicians often associate oral malodor with periodontitis. Some volatile organic compounds render patients more susceptible to periodontitis and this supports the malodor\u2013periodontitis link. This review investigates the interaction between oral malodor and periodontal diseases. Pro and con arguments regarding the mechanisms of halitosis and clinical implications will be presented. In general, however, the impact of tongue coatings has been found to be the dominant factor, besides gingivitis and periodontitis. The last part of this review discusses the treatment of bad breath, with different options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,5]],"date-time":"2016-04-05T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1459848833000},"page":"213-227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"De Geest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Laleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Teughels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christel","family":"Dekeyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Quirynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"244","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1st European workshop in periodontology","author":"Addy M","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"152","volume-title":"Proceedings of the second European workshop in periodontology","author":"Addy M","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2011.654259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0549-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1995.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.11.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"76","article-title":"The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor","volume":"9","author":"Brunette D","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2009.00366.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00452.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1998.0109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2003.01804.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19424396.1997.12221539"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Characterization of volatile sulfur compounds production at individual gingival cervicular sites in humans","volume":"3","author":"Coil J","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)62354-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"27B","article-title":"Breath malodor reduction with use of a stannous\u2010containing sodium fluoride dentifrice: a meta\u2010analysis of four randomized and controlled clinical trials","volume":"23","author":"Feng X","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2002.73.11.1338"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Efficacy of a chlorine dioxide\u2013containing mouthrinse in oral malodor","volume":"21","author":"Frascella J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(05)80337-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Breath effects of three marketed dentifrices: a comparative study evaluating single and cumulative use","volume":"9","author":"Gerlach R","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.7.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(73)90238-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1997.68.12.1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345750540062601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"255","volume-title":"Bad breath, a multidisciplinary approach","author":"Hoshi K","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of a triclosan\/copolymer\/sodium\u2010fluoride dentifrice in controlling oral malodor: a three\u2010week clinical trial","volume":"24","author":"Hu D","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(03)00162-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1996.67.6.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730050401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05705.x","article-title":"The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine","volume":"79","author":"Kuyyakanond T","year":"1992","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00862.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2006.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345940730090201"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1995.66.8.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2001.028009813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)01129-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345840630071701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Bad breath: research perspectives","author":"Niles H","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01092.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for providing long\u2010term control of breath odor measured chromatographically","volume":"10","author":"Niles H","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"CD005519","article-title":"Tongue scraping for treating halitosis","volume":"19","author":"Outhouse T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.7.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1992.tb00641.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2011.01395.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345830620061001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices: results of five clinical studies","volume":"19","author":"Putt M","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.291010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6979.2004.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2009.01478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1998.69.3.374"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.5.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-002-0152-9","article-title":"Review of the treatment strategies for oral malodour","volume":"6","author":"Quirynen M","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1988.tb01318.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1999.70.5.485"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","first-page":"247","volume-title":"Bad breath: a multidisciplinary approach","author":"Raven S","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.11.689"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Mechanical effects and volatile sulfur compound\u2010reducing effects of chewing gums: comparison between test and base gums and a control group","volume":"30","author":"Reingewirtz Y","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Chromosomal alterations in mini organ cultures of human oropharyngeal mucosa cells caused by hydrogen peroxide","volume":"6","author":"Reiter M","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Halitosis","volume":"53","author":"Replogle W","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"The possible role of hydrogen sulfide in human periodontal disease. 1. Hydrogen sulfide production in periodontal pockets","volume":"5","author":"Rizzo A","year":"1967","journal-title":"Periodontics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345910700110801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Bad breath: research perspectives","author":"Rosenberg M","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1991.62.8.487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00874.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Tongue brushing versus tongue scraping","volume":"9","author":"Rowley E","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Prev Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4220(78)80009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(73)90060-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odor measured organoleptically twelve hours after toothbrushing","volume":"10","author":"Sharma N","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer for controlling breath odor","volume":"20","author":"Sharma N","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-9-71"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The relation between foeter ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease","volume":"24","author":"S\u00f6der B","year":"2000","journal-title":"Swed Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2005.01097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2000.72.9.1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345000790100701"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01685.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(69)90172-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(76)90121-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1977.48.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","first-page":"309","article-title":"Oral malodour: an indicator of health status and oral cleanliness","volume":"28","author":"Tonzetich J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Bad breath: a multidisciplinary approach","author":"Tsunoda M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016359709115416"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1986.57.11.685"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/1\/017102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/4\/3\/036002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1992.63.9.783"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2001.280809.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.291205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0722.2003.00063.x"}],"container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fprd.12111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/prd.12111","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T13:53:01Z","timestamp":1695736381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/prd.12111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/prd.12111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12111","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0906-6713","1600-0757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0906-6713","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0757","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,4]]}}}