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This review aims to describe possible mechanisms through which the bacterial modulators may be linked directly or indirectly to the process of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. From the late 1970s to present, new paradigm shifts have been developed regarding our understanding of pathological bone remodeling in periodontal disease. Upcoming evidence suggests that in periodontal disease the local immune response is exacerbated and involves the existence of signaling pathways that have been shown to modulate bone\u2010cell function leading to alveolar bone loss. Those complex signaling pathways have been observed not only between bacteria but also between bacteria and the gingival surface of the host. More specifically, it has been shown that bacteria, through their secretion molecules, may interact indirectly and directly with immune\u2010type cells of the host, resulting in the production of osteolytic agents that enhance bone resorption. Further research is required to provide a clear understanding of the role of these molecules in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, and the availability of new technologies, such as next\u2010generation sequencing and metagenomic analysis, may be useful tools in achieving this.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T05:22:39Z","timestamp":1512019359000},"page":"97-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Bacterial modulators of bone remodeling in the periodontal pocket"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/000163501750266710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.10.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2009.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.226-233.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/503754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.04111185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.4.2562"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512457373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.12.4984-4988.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.66"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.125.1.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.5.2544-2551.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Protein A is the von Willebrand factor binding protein on Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"96","author":"Hartleib J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345750540023401","article-title":"Structural requirements for bone resorption by endotoxin and lipoteichoic acid","volume":"54","author":"Hausmann E","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Bacteria\u2010Cytokine Interactions in Health and Disease","author":"Henderson B","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510381903"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058496"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00565-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(03)00788-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(84)90043-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.2841-2846.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.7.3012-3016.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/639368"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.30.3.862-873.1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2010.01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","volume-title":"Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity. 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