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Whilst the pathogenic biofilm is a \u201cnecessary cause\u201d of periodontitis, it is insufficient on its own to cause the disease, and a destructive immune\u2010inflammatory response is a key to the translation of risk to destructive events. Other exposures or \u201ccomponent causes\u201d include individual genetic predisposition, lifestyle (including smoking and nutrition), and environmental factors. Dietary nutrients are essential for life as they provide crucial energy sources in the form of macronutrients, as well as important cofactors in the form of micronutrients, which regulate the functionality of enzymes during the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in human cells. Moreover, micronutrients can regulate gene transcription factors, such as the proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B and the anti\u2010inflammatory nuclear factor (erythroid\u2010derived 2)\u2010like 2. This review focuses on the role of vitamins (vitamin A, carotenoids, the vitamin B complex, vitamins C, D, and E, and coenzyme Q10) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, copper, manganese, and selenium) in human physiology and the impact of their deficiencies upon periodontal health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]],"date-time":"2018-09-09T22:08:11Z","timestamp":1536530891000},"page":"129-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Effect of micronutrient malnutrition on periodontal disease and periodontal therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Dommisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denica","family":"Kuzmanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"J\u00f6nsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology Faculty of Odontology Malm\u00f6 University Malm\u00f6 Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Research Group School of Dentistry Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontal Research Group School of Dentistry Institute of Clinical Sciences University of Birmingham Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Birminham Community Health Foundation Trust Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_22_2_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Nutrition: impact on oral and systemic health","volume":"22","author":"Enwonwu CO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_3_1","volume-title":"Micro\u2010Nutrients: Metabolic Tuning\u2014Prevention\u2014Therapy","author":"Gr\u00f6ber U","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.04.006"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_22_5_1","first-page":"547","article-title":"Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures","volume":"43","author":"Brune M","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_22_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-7159(21)03587-X","article-title":"Zinc status of vegetarians","volume":"77","author":"Freeland\u2010Graves JH","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/67.4.702"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/106.4.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1991.10718124"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303245"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_11_1","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel\u00a0on Micronutrients","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_22_12_1","volume-title":"Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency in Populations at Risk 1995\u20132005. 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