{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T11:33:34Z","timestamp":1791718414218,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recurrent oral ulcerations are manifestations of a heterogeneous set of both general and more\u2010or\u2010less specific oral diseases due to numerous potential etiologies, including, but not limited to, infections, medications, autoimmune disease, and other systemic disease. This review discusses the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of the common causes of recurrent oral ulceration. The following types\/etiologies of recurrent oral ulceration are covered: traumatic ulceration, chemical ulceration, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, medication\u2010related ulceration, infectious ulceration, mucocutaneous disease, and autoimmune\/systemic disease. A diagnostic algorithm for recurrent oral ulceration is also presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T07:50:54Z","timestamp":1557906654000},"page":"49-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Recurrent oral ulceration: Etiology, classification, management, and diagnostic algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Bilodeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh V.","family":"Lalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Medicine  Farmington Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"CD003782","article-title":"Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy","author":"Davies AN","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-017-2096-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Chemical burn to the gingiva after misuse of an over\u2010the\u2010counter oral whitening mouthwash","volume":"65","author":"Brooks JK","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gen Dent"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2010.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis","volume":"31","author":"Ship JA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"627","article-title":"Prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and aphthous ulcers among young adults on six continents","volume":"113","author":"Embil JA","year":"1975","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.51042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12298"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2011.01102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.01.080113"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.86669"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-313X.2008.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.07.201"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"CD005411","article-title":"Systemic interventions for recurrent aphthous stomatitis (mouth ulcers)","volume":"9","author":"Brocklehurst P","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2013.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-013-1900-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28592"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.13.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/11.CJON.E83-E89"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30109-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155213482602"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02229648"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","first-page":"413","article-title":"Mucocutaneous ulcerations secondary to methotrexate","volume":"81","author":"Warner J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp100276"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"584","article-title":"Oral ulcerations induced by mycophenolate mofetil following cardiac transplant","volume":"14","author":"Mahdavi M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Non\u2010steroidal drug\u2010induced gastrointestinal toxicity: mechanisms and management","volume":"4","author":"Dhikav V","year":"2003","journal-title":"JIACM"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90369-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01582-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181839aee"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.1999.00072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","unstructured":"AokiFY LawBJ HammondGW Acyclovir\u2010Gingivostomatitis Research Group.Acyclovir (ACV) suspension for treatment of acute herpes simplex virus (HSV) gingivostomatitis in children: a placebo (PL) controlled double blind trial. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.New Orleans LA 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","first-page":"403","article-title":"Acyclovir for herpetic gingivostomatitis in children","volume":"62","author":"Goldman RD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(92)90335-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0147-9563(98)90009-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700564"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0433-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.2.185"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.1072-1080.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial on the treatment of oral herpes with topical zinc oxide\/glycine","volume":"7","author":"Godfrey HR","year":"2001","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","first-page":"624","article-title":"Clinical double\u2010blind trial of topical zinc sulfate for herpes labialis recidivans","volume":"45","author":"Kneist W","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-013-0246-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181cf8622"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2011.01829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12743"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2007.01420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070231"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/j.sder.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014560012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","volume-title":"Oral Pathology: A Comprehensive Text and Atlas","author":"Woo S\u2010B","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142459"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2008.01446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2015.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Is chronic ulcerative stomatitis an entity? Clinical and immunological findings in 18 cases","volume":"8","author":"Chorzelski TP","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70049-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.130.4.469"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70117-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2571"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20604"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-3382(12)70051-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13381"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2010.01462.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2585-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3434"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30563"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.114153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2000.03356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1345-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","first-page":"S108","article-title":"MAGIC or not MAGIC\u2014does the MAGIC (mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage) syndrome really exist? A case report and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Kotter I","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200009000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.12.023"}],"container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/prd.12262","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/prd.12262","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/prd.12262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T17:17:05Z","timestamp":1694366225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/prd.12262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/prd.12262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/prd.12262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0906-6713","1600-0757"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0906-6713","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0757","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-05-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}