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Thus, patients with periodontitis are at greater risk for the development and\/or exacerbation of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. Although it is without question that specific groups of oral bacteria which populate dental plaque play a causative role in the development of periodontitis, it is now thought that once this disease has been triggered, other factors play an equal, and possibly more important, role in its progression, particularly in severe cases or in cases that prove difficult to treat. In this regard, we allude to the host response, specifically the notion that the host, once infected with oral periodontal pathogenic bacteria, will mount a defense response mediated largely through the innate immune system. The most abundant cell type of the innate immune system \u2013 polymorphonuclear neutrophils \u2013 can, when protecting the host from microbial invasion, mount a response that includes upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and reactive oxygen species, all of which then contribute to the tissue damage and loss of teeth commonly associated with periodontitis. Of the mechanisms referred to here, we suggest that upregulation of reactive oxygen species might play one of the most important roles in the establishment and progression of periodontitis (as well as in other diseases of inflammation) through the development of oxidative stress. In this overview, we discuss both innate and epigenetic factors (eg, diabetes, smoking) that lead to the development of oxidative stress. This oxidative stress then provides an environment conducive to the destructive processes observed in periodontitis. Therefore, we shall describe some of the fundamental characteristics of oxidative stress and its effects on the periodontium, discuss the diseases and other factors that cause oxidative stress, and, finally, review potentially novel therapeutic approaches for the management (and possibly even the reversal) of periodontitis, which rely on the use of therapies, such as resveratrol and other antioxidants, that provide increased antioxidant activity in the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T14:40:52Z","timestamp":1598452852000},"page":"45-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":643,"title":["Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"F\u00e1bio S\u00e1 Carneiro","family":"Sczepanik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Lima","family":"Grossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Dentistry Post\u2010Graduate Program in Dentistry, Prosthodontics Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rcio","family":"Casati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Research Division School of Dentistry Paulista University (UNIP) Sao Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontics Piracicaba Dental School University of Campinas Piracicaba Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Periodontology Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Division of Periodontology Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Glogauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Princess Margaret Cancer Centre Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Fine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care Mount Sinai Hospital Toronto ON 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