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Clinicians and researchers have invested considerable efforts in assessing the feasibility and capability of utilizing nonionizing imaging modalities to replace traditional radiographic imaging. Two such modalities have been extensively evaluated in clinical settings, namely, ultrasonography (USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Another modality, optical coherence tomography (OCT), has been under investigation more recently. This review aims to provide an overview of the literature and summarize the usage of USG, MRI, and OCT in evaluating health and pathology of periodontal and peri\u2010implant tissues. Clinical studies have shown that USG could accurately measure gingival height and crestal bone level, and classify furcation involvement. Due to physical constraints, USG may be more applicable to the buccal surfaces of the dentition even with an intra\u2010oral probe. Clinical studies have also shown that MRI could visualize the degree of soft\u2010tissue inflammation and osseous edema, the extent of bone loss at furcation involvement sites, and periodontal bone level. However, there was a lack of clinical studies on the evaluation of peri\u2010implant tissues by MRI. Moreover, an MRI machine is very expensive, occupies much space, and requires more time than cone\u2010beam computed tomography (CBCT) or intraoral radiographs to complete a scan. The feasibility of OCT to evaluate periodontal and peri\u2010implant tissues remains to be elucidated, as there are only preclinical studies at the moment. A major shortcoming of OCT is that it may not reach the bottom of the periodontal pocket, particularly for inflammatory conditions, due to the absorption of near\u2010infrared light by hemoglobin. Until future technological breakthroughs finally overcome the limitations of USG, MRI and OCT, the practical imaging modalities for routine diagnostics of periodontal and peri\u2010implant tissues remain to be plain radiographs and CBCTs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T04:20:49Z","timestamp":1719894049000},"page":"87-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Nonionizing diagnostic imaging modalities for visualizing health and pathology of periodontal and peri\u2010implant tissues"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Andy Wai Kan","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong 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