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The disease is characterized by a complex immune response, where cytokines play a central role in regulating both inflammation and tissue breakdown. Cytokines are small signaling proteins that mediate communication between immune cells, driving the progression of periodontal diseases by activating immune cells, promoting osteoclast differentiation, and stimulating the production of matrix metalloproteinases. This leads to the degradation of periodontal ligament fibers, alveolar bone resorption, and eventual tooth loss. Cytokines contribute not only to localized tissue damage but also to systemic inflammation. Given that periodontal diseases are a chronic inflammatory diseases, their systemic implications are significant. Increasing evidence shows an association between periodontal diseases and other systemic conditions, suggesting that serum cytokine levels could provide valuable insights into both periodontal and systemic health. Understanding the role of serum cytokines in periodontal diseases is critical for identifying systemic inflammatory patterns and disease progression. Evaluating serum cytokine profiles may lead to the discovery of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cytokine\u2010modulating therapies could potentially reduce the inflammatory burden in periodontal diseases and improve patient outcomes, especially in individuals with comorbid systemic conditions. This review highlights the current evidence on serum cytokines in periodontal diseases and emphasizes the need for further research to develop cytokine\u2010targeted therapies for improved management of periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T09:23:13Z","timestamp":1758792193000},"page":"138-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Serum cytokines in periodontal diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Paras","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1423-0363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f8rgen","family":"Slots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology and Diagnostic Sciences University of Southern California School of Dentistry  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter L.","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AIA.0b013e318034194e"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1480"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00199-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-000-0082-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-000-0040-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(98)00024-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0708395"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009878726176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317499"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199204000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-265892"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2422"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0114-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","article-title":"FDA approves new combination treatment for hepatitis C. 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