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Neutrophils are key regulators of immune\u2010inflammatory responses and play a major role in both diseases. Isolating and characterizing gut lumen neutrophils may help to map the evolution of cell phenotypes from peripheral blood to saliva and help explain certain mechanistic relationships within the oral\u2010gut axis. This review aims to critically evaluate the biological sources of human neutrophils and the emerging analytical approaches to their study in IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies employing various methodological strategies to isolate and analyze neutrophils derived from both systemic (peripheral blood) and mucosal compartments in IBD are synthesized. Data obtained through different analytical modalities are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutrophils play multifaceted roles in IBD beyond their traditional function in pathogen clearance and acute inflammation. They contribute to both tissue injury and repair through the release of proteolytic enzymes, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and neutrophil extracellular traps. Recent advances in analytical technologies have uncovered remarkable phenotypic and functional diversity, shaped by the local microenvironment within the intestinal mucosa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neutrophils' ability to both exacerbate mucosal damage and facilitate resolution of inflammation underscores the need for improved methodological approaches that enable precise characterization of their functional states in both systemic and tissue contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved phenotypic and functional profiling of neutrophils may facilitate the identification of biomarkers predictive of disease activity, treatment response, and relapse risk, and contribute to the understanding of the role of neutrophils in the interplay between IBD and periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:21:25Z","timestamp":1775722885000},"page":"311-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The role of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6071-553X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao Paulo","family":"Steffens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health University of Birmingham  Birmingham UK"},{"name":"Department of Stomatology Federal University of Paran\u00e1  Curitiba Paran\u00e1 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