{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:56:50Z","timestamp":1787849810111,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":331,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3\/24\/081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3\/24\/081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n As the understanding of periodontal disease has evolved, therapeutic strategies have increasingly shifted from pathogen eradication toward ecological modulation of the oral microbiome. Within this paradigm, probiotics have emerged as potential adjuncts for maintaining periodontal health by promoting microbial balance and modulating host responses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To summarize the historical development, definitions, and mechanisms of probiotics and to critically evaluate the current clinical evidence supporting their use in periodontal therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n This narrative review examines the conceptual framework of probiotics in oral health, distinguishing them from related approaches including prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics. Literature from randomized controlled trials and meta\u2010analyses was reviewed to assess the clinical effectiveness of probiotic interventions in periodontal therapy and to explore their proposed mechanisms of action.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Probiotic effects are highly strain\u2010specific and involve multiple mechanisms, including production of antimicrobial compounds, competition for ecological niches, inhibition of biofilm formation and quorum sensing, strengthening of epithelial barrier integrity, and modulation of host immune and inflammatory responses. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta\u2010analyses, particularly those evaluating\n Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n strains, suggests that probiotics used as adjuncts to nonsurgical periodontal therapy can significantly improve clinical parameters such as probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing. However, substantial heterogeneity in study design, probiotic strains, delivery systems, and follow\u2010up periods limits the comparability and generalizability of findings.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Probiotics represent a biologically plausible and ecologically oriented adjunct in periodontal therapy. While current evidence indicates beneficial clinical effects, further standardized and long\u2010term clinical trials incorporating advanced microbiome analyses (e.g., next\u2010generation sequencing) are needed to clarify mechanisms, optimize formulations, and support personalized probiotic strategies in periodontal care.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T08:12:42Z","timestamp":1775722362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Not a miracle, not a myth: The role of probiotics in periodontal health"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7675-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teughels","family":"Wim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"University Hospitals Leuven, Dentistry Service Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8804-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saghi","family":"Mehraveh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University Centre for Microbial Ecology and Technology Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauwens","family":"Katalina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology and Oral Microbiology KU Leuven Leuven 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