{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1791465927222,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":206,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Periodontology 2000"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesize current evidence on vascular and anastomotic patterns, emphasizing their operative implications for optimizing flap perfusion, neovascularization, and wound healing in periodontal and implant surgery, while accounting for anatomical variability and collateral circulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive review of microvascular, macrovascular, and experimental studies was conducted, complemented by observations from 14 corrosion\u2010cast human specimens, to evaluate vascular distribution, regional blood supply, and surgical implications related to incision and flap design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mucosa and periodontium are supplied by multilayered vertical vascular networks composed of submucosal, supraperiosteal, alveolar, and periodontal ligament vessels, which are interconnected through diverse anastomoses, forming a functional horizontal circulation. The oral mucoperiosteum demonstrates region\u2010specific vascularization: in the maxilla, hard palate, and maxillary tuberosity, interconnected extra\u2010 and intraosseous, zone\u2010specific anastomotic networks predominate, and the mandibular mucoperiosteum exhibits a stratified extraosseous multivascular organization supported by collateral intraosseous connections via the retromolar and lingual foramina. Beyond inherent morphological variations, prolonged edentulism and inflammatory conditions, particularly in thin phenotypes, can alter vascular dimension and orientation through changes in physiological loading and connective tissue resorption, thereby disrupting anastomotic integrity and increasing flap susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimal surgical outcomes are dependent upon a thorough understanding of the vascular architecture of the periodontium, mucoperiosteum, and anastomotic patterns with respect to morphology to preserve microcirculation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flap perfusion is critically dependent upon flap geometry and thickness, with tension\u2010free designs necessary for preserving vascular supply. Narrow and overly thinned flaps predispose to hypoperfusion, hypoxia, and wound dehiscence. Surgical success relies upon meticulous consideration of region\u2010specific anatomical heterogeneity and maintenance of blood flow.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T22:52:20Z","timestamp":1783551140000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Surgical considerations based on oral and periodontal vascularization"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3027-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arvin","family":"Shahbazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Oral Morphology Group), Faculty of Medicine Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Periodontology Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8323-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward P.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Dental Education  Dallas Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Periodontics Texas A&amp;M University College of Dentistry  Dallas Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5177-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Gschwindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Oral Morphology Group), Faculty of Medicine Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Cranio\u2010Maxillofacial Surgery University Hospital M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4097-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontics University of Maryland School of Dentistry  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2523-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Baksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology (Oral Morphology Group), Faculty of Medicine Semmelweis University  Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-5477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Sculean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12284","article-title":"Anatomic factors as contributing risk factors in implant therapy","volume":"81","author":"Ramanauskaite A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontol"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01921352","article-title":"\u00dcber Gef\u00e4sskn\u00e4uel im Zahnperiost","volume":"84","author":"Wedl C","year":"1881","journal-title":"Archiv f Pathol Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02979952","article-title":"\u00dcber die Lymphgef\u00e4sse des Zahnfleisches und der Z\u00e4hne beim Menschen und bei S\u00e4ugetieren. 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