{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:35:16Z","timestamp":1792539316398,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,28]],"date-time":"2013-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Examining the sociodemographic determinants of psychological distress is important in identifying specific subgroups in need of further intervention. However, there are few studies focusing on older populations and on the role of gender or location of residence. To try to clarify characteristics of a population at high risk for mental illness, we examined the sociodemographic determinants of psychological distress in older adults living in three different locations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A mail survey was used to collect data on levels of psychological distress and sociodemographic characteristics from a population\u2010based sample of 1894 older adults who lived in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>unkyo (urban setting),<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>uchu (suburban setting) and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>yama (rural setting) in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">J<\/jats:styled-content>apan (aged 65\u201374 years, 51.3% men). Psychological distress level was measured based on Kessler's six\u2010item psychological distress scale (K6) and dichotomized into two groups with a cut\u2010off score of 5 (0\u20134 or 5\u201324). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between sociodemographic factors, specifically gender and location of residence, and psychological distress levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The variables of older age, living in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>unkyo, living in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>yama and living alone were significantly associated with high psychological distress. Although these associations were observed in men, no associations were observed in women. Location\u2010specific analyses showed significant associations between sociodemographic and psychological distress among men living in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">O<\/jats:styled-content>yama, but not among those in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>unkyo or<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>uchu.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sociodemographic factors were significantly correlated with psychological distress, particularly among older men in rural areas. Characteristics of a population at high risk for mental illness may vary based on gender and location of residence. Health promotion initiatives for older adults may be more effective if they take these demographic factors into account.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,28]],"date-time":"2013-10-28T09:05:03Z","timestamp":1382951103000},"page":"229-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mental illness and a high\u2010risk, elderly<scp>J<\/scp>apanese population: characteristic differences related to gender and residential location"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Takamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo 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