{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:29:39Z","timestamp":1789727379408,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Verbal language deteriorates in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>lzheimer's disease, contributing to dramatic disturbances in the ability to communicate. The presence of language disturbances may be detected at earlier phases of the neurodegenerative process, like mild cognitive impairment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content>). In daily verbal interactions, people mostly use literal language, but sometimes they employ non\u2010literal language, which requires listeners to interpret messages beyond the plain meaning of the words and can be quite demanding. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content> may have deficits in non\u2010literal language, and these deficits are more pronounced than deficits in literal language.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were recruited in a private memory clinic and senior universities. General cognitive evaluation included a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, the Mini\u2010Mental State Examination, and the instrumental activities of daily living scale. Literal language was assessed with the semantic decision test, Token Test, and literal text comprehension test, and non\u2010literal language with the proverbs comprehension, idiomatic expressions and non\u2010literal text comprehension tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010two participants with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content> and 31 controls were recruited. Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content> had lower scores in all complex language tests, both literal (Token Test, semantic decision and literal text) and non\u2010literal (proverbs, idiomatic expressions, and non\u2010literal text), than the controls; the difference in literal text score was marginally significant. As much as 69% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content> participants had deficits (performance below 1.5 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SD<\/jats:styled-content> of the mean) on at least one of the complex language tasks. Deficits were more frequent on the proverbs comprehension and semantic decision tests, and the deficits on these tests did not significantly differ from that on the Token Test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MCI<\/jats:styled-content> are hindered in understanding complex language, both literal and non\u2010literal. In daily living, these complex language deficits could compromise effective verbal interactions with the others. Amelioration of these deficits should be an important intervention target as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy for patients with cognitive decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]],"date-time":"2014-12-12T06:56:31Z","timestamp":1418367391000},"page":"222-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Non\u2010literal language deficits in mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences Catholic University of Portugal  Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Maroco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Superior Institute of Applied Psychology  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"de Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Lisbon  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Dementia and Communication","author":"Molloy D","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Cognition and Communication: Cognitive \u2013 Communication Disorders of Dementia","author":"Bayles K","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Communication and Cognition in Normal Aging and Dementia","author":"Bayles K","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(87)90064-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.085332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701550128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg236"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000091435"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001682"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030500538148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327868ms2104_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-10-116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-198802010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(195707)13:3<263::AID-JCLP2270130308>3.0.CO;2-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687039708248475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CampanhaA LiraJ OrtizK BertolucciP MinettT.IC\u2010P1 007: performance comparision of Alzheimer's disease and healthy subjects in interpretation of popular proverbs. Poster presented at meeting of Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium 2008 July. Chicago.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2008.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802220019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000323864"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2011.00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS\u2010III)","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Escalas e Testes na Dem\u00eancia","author":"Madureira S","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000081050"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Escalas e Testes na Dem\u00eancia","author":"Barreto J","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Adapta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 popula\u00e7\u00e3o portuguesa na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o do \u2018Mini\u2010Mental State Examination\u2019 (MMSE)","volume":"1","author":"Guerreiro M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Revista Portuguesa de Neurologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.9.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","unstructured":"GarciaC.Doen\u00e7a de Alzheimer problemas do diagn\u00f3stico cl\u00ednico. (Doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon Lisbon1984."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"GuerreiroM.Contributo da Neuropsicologia para o Estudo das Dem\u00eancias. (Doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon Lisbon1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","volume-title":"Provas de Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de Linguagem Complexa \u2013 PLINC","author":"Santos ME","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.672023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(78)80006-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"Dam\u00e1sioA.Neurologia da Linguagem. (Doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon Lisbon1973."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Castro CaldasA.Diagn\u00f3stico e evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das afasias de causa vascular. (Doctoral dissertation) Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon Lisbon1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","unstructured":"FerroJM.Neurologia do comportamento. Estudo da correla\u00e7\u00e3o com a tomografia axial computorizada. (Doctoral dissertation). Faculty of Medicine of Lisbon Lisbon1986."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","volume-title":"Protocole Montr\u00e9al d'\u00e9valuation de la communication (MEC)","author":"Joanette Y","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-56872008000400014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.7.1450"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"186","article-title":"Text comprehension in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"51","author":"Biassou N","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2002\/095)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-200207000-00008"}],"container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpsyg.12101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyg.12101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1696158460000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyg.12101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyg.12101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1346-3500","1479-8301"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1346-3500","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-8301","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}}}