{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:34:40Z","timestamp":1790156080077,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>There has been no previous C<\/jats:styled-content>hinese study that differentiated the clinical symptoms among biomarker\u2010confirmed A<\/jats:styled-content>lzheimer's disease (AD<\/jats:styled-content>), dementia with L<\/jats:styled-content>ewy bodies (DLB<\/jats:styled-content>) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD<\/jats:styled-content>). The objective of this study was to compare the cognitive, behavioural, and neuropsychiatric symptoms in biomarker\u2010confirmed AD<\/jats:styled-content>, DLB<\/jats:styled-content>, and FTD<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We recruited 30 patients (14 AD<\/jats:styled-content>, 7 DLB<\/jats:styled-content>, 9 FTD<\/jats:styled-content>) who presented to the memory clinic at Q<\/jats:styled-content>ueen M<\/jats:styled-content>ary H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital from 1 J<\/jats:styled-content>anuary 2007 to 31 D<\/jats:styled-content>ecember 2013. AD<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed according to the National Institution of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (tau, phosphorylated tau, and amyloid \u03b2\u201042) fulfilling locally determined cut\u2010off values for AD<\/jats:styled-content>. DLB<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed based on the McK<\/jats:styled-content>eith diagnostic criteria. The behavioural variant of FTD<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed based on the revised diagnostic criteria proposed by the International bvFTD C<\/jats:styled-content>riteria C<\/jats:styled-content>onsortium, and language variant FTD<\/jats:styled-content> was diagnosed based on the latest published criteria. In addition, patients with DLB<\/jats:styled-content> and FTD<\/jats:styled-content> had typical imaging features on single\u2010photon emission computed tomography or 18<\/jats:sup>fludeoxyglucose\u2010positron emission tomography, either with or without Pittsburgh Compound B imaging, which supported their diagnoses. Data on patient characteristics including demographics, presenting clinical features, M<\/jats:styled-content>ini\u2010M<\/jats:styled-content>ental S<\/jats:styled-content>tate E<\/jats:styled-content>xamination, clinical dementia ratings, and neuropsychiatry inventory scores were collected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>There were no differences in age, education level, dementia severity, and duration of symptoms before presentation among the three subgroups of patients. All patients had amnesia symptoms, which were not statistically significant. Apraxia was most common in AD<\/jats:styled-content>. While 83% of the patients were affected by behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, behavioural disinhibition and decline in executive function were most common in FTD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Recurrent hallucinations, fluctuation of consciousness, parkinsonism, and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder were most common in DLB<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Memory impairment and apathy are not useful discriminative symptoms in diagnosing AD<\/jats:styled-content>, DLB<\/jats:styled-content>, and FTD<\/jats:styled-content>. Apraxia favours AD<\/jats:styled-content>. Hallucinations, particularly well\u2010formed visual hallucinations, favour DLB<\/jats:styled-content>. Overall, behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia symptoms are common among the three groups of dementia patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T11:09:16Z","timestamp":1419332956000},"page":"235-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparisons of clinical symptoms in biomarker\u2010confirmed A<\/scp>lzheimer's disease, dementia with L<\/scp>ewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia patients in a local memory clinic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yat Fung","family":"Shea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divsion of Geriatrics Department of Medicine LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divsion of Geriatrics Department of Medicine LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leung\u2010Wing","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divsion of Geriatrics Department of Medicine LKS Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Queen Mary Hospital Hong Kong"},{"name":"The Alzheimer's Disease Research Network SRT Aging The University of Hong Kong Hong 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