{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:14:40Z","timestamp":1774484080178,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]],"date-time":"2017-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:italic>Toritsukuroi<\/jats:italic> is a particular type of behaviour intended to save face or preserve appearances. Clinicians often observe <jats:italic>toritsukuroi<\/jats:italic> in people with dementia, but current knowledge about this behaviour is based on clinicians\u2019 empirical knowledge rather than on observational studies. This study was designed to clarify which behaviours are related to <jats:italic>toritsukuroi<\/jats:italic> based on neuropsychological examinations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The subjects were 91 outpatients with dementia. Verbal responses, with the exceptions of \u2018<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> don't know\u2019 and erroneous answers, were recorded by certificated clinical psychologists and analyzed by qualitative study procedures. A qualitative study was separately conducted by two researchers to identify themes and types of reactions. The themes found through content analysis were organized and labelled by a senior psychiatrist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the patients, 41.8% verbally responded in way to \u2018keep up appearances\u2019. Six distinct thematic categories were identified through conventional content analysis: (i) refuting sudden questions; (ii) disclosing trait; (iii) disclosing experience; (iv) demonstrating slight hesitation; (v) appealing to indifference; and (vi) other.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All the responses that we defined as being <jats:italic>toritsukuroi<\/jats:italic> reflect a denial of acquired cognitive impairment. Further study is needed to clarify the association between <jats:italic>toritsukuroi<\/jats:italic> and either cognitive function or disease specificity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T17:44:58Z","timestamp":1491414298000},"page":"377-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Why do people with dementia pretend to know the correct answer? <scp>A<\/scp> qualitative study on the behaviour of <i>toritsukuroi<\/i> to keep up appearances"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Masateru","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Education and Research, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Yatabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health and Welfare Center, Department of Health and Welfare Kumamoto Prefectural Goverment  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asuka","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukiko","family":"Ueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daisuke","family":"Ijichi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroto","family":"Ikezaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Speech\u2010Language\u2010Hearing Science Kumamoto Health Science University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamoru","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noboru","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Education and Research, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manabu","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University  Kumamoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine  Suita Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3143\/geriatrics.50.392"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","unstructured":"Y Tanabe M Ikeda Y Nakagawa 1993 Life Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000051213"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","article-title":"Chihou\u2010no\u2010rinsyou CDR\u2010hanteiyou\u2010work\u2010sheet\u2010kaisetsu","volume":"125","author":"Meguro K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Shinkei Shinrigaku Collection."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2496\/hbfr.29.312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520400044042"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21455"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","unstructured":"IshikawaT IkedaM. 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