{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:43:25Z","timestamp":1784933005456,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depression among older adults is a frequent and underdiagnosed condition. However, there is a paucity of research on mental health problems among elderly people in Arab countries. The purpose of this study was to describe the risk of depression among a representative sample of older Lebanese adults living in rural areas and to identify gender\u2010specific factors associated with depression risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included a randomly selected sample of 823 rural elderly people aged \u226565\u2009years without cognitive decline. Data, including sociodemographic characteristics, living condition, health and functional status, were collected during face\u2010to\u2010face interviews. Depression was assessed by the five\u2010item Geriatric Depression Scale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Risk for depression was significantly higher in women than in men (39.5% vs 26.2%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001). Among men, reporting a higher versus a lower income (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)\u00a0=\u00a00.299) and being physically active significantly decreased the odds of depressive symptoms. In addition, physical disability (AOR\u00a0=\u00a03.03) and a high level of loneliness (AOR\u00a0=\u00a041.76) were significantly related to an increased risk of depression. Among women, daily or occasional physical activity was related to a reduced risk of depression compared to sedentary lifestyles (AOR\u00a0=\u00a00.35; AOR\u00a0=\u00a00.50). Furthermore digestive symptoms (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.98), poor nutritional status (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.99), and strong feelings of loneliness (AOR\u00a0=\u00a010.86) were significantly related to an increased odds of depression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Elderly Lebanese people, especially women, were at high risk for depression. Among other gender\u2010specific factors, loneliness was strongly associated with depressive disorders in both genders, with a four times greater odds ratio in men than in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,8]],"date-time":"2021-05-08T12:36:43Z","timestamp":1620477403000},"page":"577-585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gender\u2010specific factors associated with risk of depression among Lebanese older adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9873-3493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christa","family":"Boulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy Saint Joseph's University  Beirut Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lebanese University, Faculty of Pharmacy  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology, and Toxicology, Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University  Beirut Lebanon"},{"name":"Medical School University of Nicosia  Nicosia Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e517532013-004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.3.M249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mental health issues in the Middle East: an overview","volume":"84","author":"Pocock L","year":"2017","journal-title":"Middle East J Psychiatry Alzheimers"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"S15","article-title":"Malnutrition is associated with depression in rural elderly population","volume":"18","author":"Vafaei Z","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-5334(01)04004-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Population ageing in Lebanon: current status, future prospects and implications for policy","volume":"82","author":"Sibai AM","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860600735812"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1663"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03016.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) review of the literature\u2010what does it tell us?","volume":"10","author":"Guigoz Y","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1999.tb03848.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Validation of the Arabic Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS\u20105) among the Lebanese geriatric population","volume":"23","author":"Hallit S","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychopathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-11-53"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2009.02137.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-9-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"115","volume-title":"Quality of Life Assessments in Clinical Trials","author":"Spector WD","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03793.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/46.4.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.2.234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1911-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.12.1239"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2006.00770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Silent epidemic of depression in women in the Middle East and North Africa region emerging tribulation or fallacy?","volume":"9","author":"Eloul L","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2007.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.09.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6619-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659606291549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211000780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2016.1191060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Gender differences in the health status of elderly living alone compared to those who are not alone: evidence of the AHAP study, North of Iran","volume":"7","author":"Mouodi S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-016-9641-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2011.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3549-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166238"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-016-0771-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764018776349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105314536941"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The link between depression and physical symptoms","volume":"6","author":"Trivedi MH","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2016.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb02496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517000782"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.039511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.04.020"}],"container-title":["Psychogeriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyg.12708","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyg.12708","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyg.12708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T06:24:26Z","timestamp":1693203866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyg.12708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyg.12708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12708","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1346-3500","1479-8301"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1346-3500","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-8301","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}