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Sleep and waking levels of cardiac vagal control were assessed in 1,003 twins and 285 of their non\u2010twin siblings. Comparable heritability estimates were found for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDNN<\/jats:styled-content> (46%\u201353%), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMSSD<\/jats:styled-content> (49%\u201354%), and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pvRSA<\/jats:styled-content> (48%\u201357%) during the day and night. A nighttime ceiling effect was revealed in 10.7% of participants by a quadratic relationship between mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pvRSA<\/jats:styled-content> and the interbeat interval. Excluding these participants did not change the heritability estimates. The genetic factors influencing ambulatory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">pvRSA<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMSSD<\/jats:styled-content>, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SDNN<\/jats:styled-content> largely overlap. These results suggest that gene\u2010finding studies may pool the different cardiac vagal indices and that exclusion of participants with low heart rates is not required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]],"date-time":"2014-06-04T02:03:12Z","timestamp":1401847392000},"page":"1023-1036","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Heritability of cardiac vagal control in 24\u2010h heart rate variability recordings: Influence of ceiling effects at low heart rates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Neijts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Van Lien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Kupper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"CoRPS\u2014Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic Diseases Department of Medical &amp; Clinical Psychology Tilburg University  Tilburg The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorret","family":"Boomsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonneke","family":"Willemsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Psychology Vrije University (VU) Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eco J. 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