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The present study addressed the neural dynamics of this process by recording ERPs during a gambling task in a gain and a loss context. Behaviorally, participants were found to be risk averse in the gain context but risk neutral in the loss context. During the anticipation stage, an increased stimulus\u2010preceding negativity was elicited by high\u2010 versus low\u2010risk choices in the gain but not the loss context. During the outcome\u2010appraisal stage, the feedback\u2010related negativity was larger after high\u2010 versus low\u2010risk choices in the gain instead of the loss context. For the P300, an outcome valence effect (a larger P300 for gain vs. loss outcomes) emerged following the high\u2010 versus low\u2010risk decisions in the gain but not the loss context. Our findings suggest that risk processing can be modulated by the context of valence during the anticipation stage and by both the contextual valence and the outcome valence during the outcome\u2010appraisal stage, which may be driven by the motivational salience imposed by the context of valence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T04:47:07Z","timestamp":1423457227000},"page":"895-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Contextual valence modulates the neural dynamics of risk processing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Ya","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Dalian Medical University Dalian China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis [Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk]","volume":"5","author":"Bernoulli D.","year":"1738","journal-title":"Commentarii Academiae Scientarum Imperialis Petropolitanae"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-0173(98)00019-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-2236(03)00233-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01184839"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.7.4.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002219900293"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of event\u2010related potential components","author":"Brunia C. 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