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Resulting fear and anxiety toward interoceptive threat are functionally distinct states that are hypothesized to play a prominent role in the etiology of panic disorder. The present study aimed to investigate whether fear\u2010 and anxiety\u2010potentiated startle responses occur to predictable and unpredictable interoceptive threat, respectively. Therefore, we modified the NPU threat test (Schmitz &amp; Grillon, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#psyp12621-bib-0039\"\/>) and replaced the aversive electrocutaneous stimulus with an aversive interoceptive stimulus (a breathing occlusion, making it briefly impossible to breathe). Healthy participants (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200948) underwent three instructed conditions. A visual cue signaled the occlusion in the predictable condition (P), whereas another cue was unrelated to the occurrence of the occlusion in the unpredictable condition (U). The safe condition (N) also had a visual cue, but no occlusion. Both fear\u2010 and anxiety\u2010potentiated startle blink responses were observed in response to predictable and unpredictable respiratory threat, respectively. The current study presents and validates the NPU respiratory threat test (NPUr) as an ecologically valid paradigm to study both anxiety and fear in response to a panic\u2010relevant interoceptive threat. The paradigm allows future testing of contextual generalization, investigation of different clinical groups, and more explicit comparisons of defensive responding to interoceptive versus exteroceptive threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]],"date-time":"2016-02-16T10:37:34Z","timestamp":1455619054000},"page":"905-913","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Defensive activation to (un)predictable interoceptive threat: The NPU respiratory threat test (NPUr)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Mathias","family":"Schroijen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Fantoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Universidad de Sevilla Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bram","family":"Vervliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koen","family":"Schruers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omer","family":"van den Bergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"van Diest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Psychology, KU Leuven\u2013University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","volume-title":"Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic","author":"Barlow D. 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