{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:18:07Z","timestamp":1791389887289,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is growing interest in psychophysiological and neural correlates of psychopathology, personality, and other individual differences. Many studies correlate a criterion individual difference variable (e.g., anxiety) with a psychophysiological measurement derived by subtracting scores taken from two within\u2010subject conditions. These subtraction\u2010based difference scores are intended to increase specificity by isolating variability of interest. Using data on the error\u2010related negativity (ERN) and correct response negativity (CRN) in relation to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), we highlight several conceptual and practical issues with subtraction\u2010based difference scores and propose alternative approaches based on regression. We show that ERN and CRN are highly correlated, and that the \u0394ERN (i.e., ERN\u2009\u2212\u2009CRN) is correlated in opposite directions both with ERN and CRN. Bivariate analyses indicate that GAD is related to \u0394ERN and ERN, but not CRN. We first show that, by using residualized scores, GAD relates both to a larger ERN and smaller CRN. Moreover, by probing the interaction of ERN and CRN, we show that the relationship between GAD and ERN varies by CRN. These latter findings are not evident when using traditional subtraction\u2010based difference scores. We then completed follow\u2010up analyses that suggested that an increased P300 in anxious individuals gave rise to the apparent anxiety\/CRN relationship observed. These findings have important conceptual implications for facilitating the interpretability of results from individual difference studies of psychophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,21]],"date-time":"2016-12-21T04:35:21Z","timestamp":1482294921000},"page":"114-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":237,"title":["Considering ERP difference scores as individual difference measures: Issues with subtraction and alternative approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Lerner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"De Los Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Maryland at College Park, College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert D.","family":"Laird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Hajcak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12460"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2013.814544"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000072"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20087"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"338","article-title":"The P300 as a metric for mental workload [Supplement]","volume":"39","author":"Donchin E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1994.1029"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03203267"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.7.2.336"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90062-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1993.tb00586.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90135-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412436809"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"204","volume-title":"Errors, conflicts, and the brain: Current opinions on response monitoring","author":"Hajcak G.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12522"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3999-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20886"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of event\u2010related potential components","author":"Kappenman E. 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