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More intense prepulses often result in greater inhibition, and this study (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a053 college students) examined whether graded decreases in sound energy relative to a steady background noise (a \u201cpartial gap\u201d) would follow this same pattern of inhibition. Embedded in a 65\u00a0dB steady background noise were 100\u00a0dB white noise startle stimuli preceded at 120\u00a0ms on some trials by stimulus intensity increases or decreases of 5, 10, or 15\u00a0dB relative to background. Results showed that startle inhibition was graded by amount of change relative to background, such that greater increases or decreases resulted in greater inhibition. Also, increases were more effective startle inhibitors than decreases at equivalent levels of change from background. These results demonstrate that the neural centers responsible for startle inhibition are responsive to both increases and decreases in stimulus intensity, and are sensitive to amount of change, not simply whether a change occurs. These findings may have implications for the development of a screening method for a hearing disorder called tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]],"date-time":"2018-07-30T13:38:43Z","timestamp":1532957923000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Efficacy of stimulus intensity increases and decreases as inhibitors of the acoustic startle response"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Hope","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry D.","family":"Blumenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wake Forest University Winston\u2010Salem, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00319.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(02)00171-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0511(96)05214-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000156"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.11.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2012.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1975.tb01284.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03944.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1911377"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"An animal model of tinnitus: A decade of development","volume":"15","author":"Jastreboff P. 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An examination of white and pink noise prepulses and gaps","volume":"3","author":"Peterson H.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wake Forest Journal of Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"198","article-title":"The effect of the NMDA channel blocker memantine on salicylate\u2010induced tinnitus in rats","volume":"34","author":"Ralli M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00075-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2008.00768.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036419"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.120.1.188"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22827"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpsyp.13266","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.13266","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T07:34:12Z","timestamp":1694763252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.13266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.13266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13266","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0048-5772"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1469-8986"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-06-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-07-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13266"}}