{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:47:32Z","timestamp":1790736452737,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG: UL 196\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG: UL 196\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001664","name":"Leibniz-Gemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAS-2015-LIN-LWC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAS-2015-LIN-LWC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reinforcement learning (RL) theory states that learning is driven by prediction errors (PEs)\u2014the discrepancy between the predicted and actual outcome of an action. When participants learn from their own actions, PEs correlate with the feedback\u2010related negativity (FRN), but it is not clear if the FRN reflects a PE in observational learning. We use a model\u2010based regression analysis of single\u2010trial event\u2010related potentials to determine if the FRN in observational learning is PE driven. Twenty participants (16 female) learned the stimulus\u2010outcome contingencies for a probabilistic three\u2010armed bandit task. They played in pairs, with the acting and observing player switching every one to three trials. An RL\u2010learning algorithm was fit to participants' choices in the task to extract individual PE estimates for every trial of the experiment. In the acting condition, model\u2010estimated PEs covaried positively with neural signal at electrode FCz, 200\u2013350\u00a0ms after outcome presentation, which is a typical time frame for the FRN. There was no PE effect in the observation condition in the same time frame. From 300\u00a0ms the outcome correlated negatively with the frontal P300 component at FCz and parietal P300 at Pz. At Pz the effect was greater in the acting than the observing condition. The frontal and parietal P300 components have been linked to attentional reorienting and stimulus value updating, respectively. These findings indicate that observed outcomes undergo processing that is distinguishable from directly experienced outcomes in the time windows of the FRN and P3b but that attention dedicated to the two outcomes types is comparable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,4]],"date-time":"2019-05-04T02:20:04Z","timestamp":1556936404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["The feedback\u2010related negativity indexes prediction error in active but not observational learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Burnside","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-9051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian G.","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Germany"},{"name":"Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3970-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Ullsperger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg Germany"},{"name":"Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS) Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg 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