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Using subject\u2010specific multimodal imaging (electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, behavior) during flanker task performance by a sample of 94 human adolescents (mean age\u00a0=\u00a015.5\u00a0years, 50% female) with varying degrees of ADHD symptomatology, we examined the degree to which amplitude features of source\u2010resolved event\u2010related potentials (ERPs) from brain\u2010independent component processes within a critical (but often ignored) period in the action selection process, the stimulus\u2010response interval, were associated with motor response errors (across trials) and error rates (across individuals). Response errors were typically preceded by two smaller peaks in both trial\u2010level and trial\u2010averaged ERP projections from posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC): a frontocentral P3 peaking about 390\u00a0ms after stimulus onset, and a premovement positivity (PMP) peaking about 110\u00a0ms before the motor response. Separating overlapping stimulus\u2010locked and response\u2010locked ERP contributions using a \u201cregression ERP\u201d approach showed that trial errors and participant error rates were primarily associated with smaller PMP, and not with frontocentral P3. Moreover, smaller PMP mediated the association between larger numbers of errors and ADHD symptoms, suggesting the possible value of using PMP as an intervention target to remediate performance deficits in ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,13]],"date-time":"2019-05-13T06:26:25Z","timestamp":1557728785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Reduced premovement positivity during the stimulus\u2010response interval precedes errors: Using single\u2010trial and regression ERPs to understand performance deficits in ADHD"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7753-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott J.","family":"Burwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Makeig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience University of California San Diego La Jolla California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Iacono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.04.031"},{"volume-title":"Categorical data analysis","year":"2013","author":"Agresti A.","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-012-0274-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.09.036"},{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","year":"2000","author":"American Psychiatric Association","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2010.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.554770"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13389"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini Y.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B\u2010Methodological"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2010.484466"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000221830.95598.ea"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02825823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Comparison of averaging and regression techniques for estimating event related potentials","volume":"2013","author":"Burns M. 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