{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T08:55:32Z","timestamp":1790326532033,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Ministry of Education and Research","award":["RELEASE 01KR1303A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RELEASE 01KR1303A"]}]},{"name":"SFB 636 International Graduate Program in Translational Neuroscience scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overgeneralization (i.e., the transfer of fear to stimuli not related to an aversive event) is part of alterations in associative fear learning in mental disorders. In the present experimental study, we investigated whether this holds true for post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to childhood abuse. We expected that fear generalization under experimental conditions reflects generalization of aversive stimuli to different social domains in real life. Sixty\u2010four women with PTSD after childhood abuse and 30 healthy participants (HC) underwent a differential fear conditioning and generalization paradigm. Online risk ratings, reaction time, and fear\u2010potentiated startle served as dependent variables. Based on the subjectively assessed generalization of triggered intrusions across different domains of life, PTSD participants were split into two groups reporting low (low\u2010GEN) and high (high\u2010GEN) generalization. PTSD patients reported a higher expectation of an aversive event. During fear conditioning, they assessed the risk of danger related to a safety cue slower and showed a blunted fear\u2010potentiated startle toward the danger cue. During generalization testing, reaction time increased in the high\u2010GEN patients and decreased in the HC group with increasing similarity of a stimulus with the conditioned safety cue. Alterations of fear learning in PTSD suggest impaired defensive responses in case of a high threat probability. Moreover, our findings bridge the gap between the generalization of aversive cues during everyday life and laboratory\u2010based experimental parameters: impairments in the processing of cues signaling safety generalize particularly in those patients who report a spreading of PTSD symptoms across different domains of everyday life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]],"date-time":"2019-06-17T12:29:50Z","timestamp":1560774590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Generalization of fear in post\u2010traumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8051-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Lis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Thome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Western University London Canada"},{"name":"Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kleindienst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Mueller\u2010Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Intervention, Institute of Psychology Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Steil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Intervention, Institute of Psychology Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Priebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences Humboldt University Berlin Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Schmahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences Leuven University Flanders Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bohus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-008-1410-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00329"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self\u2010report: Manual","author":"Bernstein D. 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