{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:28:42Z","timestamp":1787596122365,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122679504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122679504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Depending on feedback timing, the neural structures involved in learning differ, with the dopamine system including the dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) being more important for learning from immediate than delayed feedback. As stress has been shown to promote striatum\u2010dependent learning, the current study aimed to explore if stress differentially affects learning from and processing of immediate and delayed feedback. One group of male participants was stressed using the socially evaluated cold pressor test, and another group underwent a control condition. Subsequently, participants performed a reward learning task with immediate (500\u00a0ms) and delayed (6,500\u00a0ms) feedback while brain activity was assessed with electroencephalography (EEG). While stress enhanced the accuracy for delayed relative to immediate feedback, it reduced the feedback\u2010related negativity (FRN) valence effect, which is the amplitude difference between negative and positive feedback. For the P300, a reduced valence effect was found in the stress group only for delayed feedback. Frontal theta power was most pronounced for immediate negative feedback and was generally reduced under stress. Moreover, stress reduced associations of FRN and theta power with trial\u2010by\u2010trial accuracy. Associations between stress\u2010induced cortisol increases and EEG components were examined using linear mixed effects analyses, which showed that the described stress effects were accompanied by associations between the stress\u2010induced cortisol increases and feedback processing. The results indicate that stress and cortisol affect different aspects of feedback processing. Instead of an increased recruitment of the dopamine system and the ACC, the results may suggest enhanced salience processing and reduced cognitive control under stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T05:45:16Z","timestamp":1567575916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Stress effects on learning and feedback\u2010related neural activity depend on feedback delay"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-5578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3212-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Bellebaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Psychology, Institute for Experimental Psychology Heinrich\u2010Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7481-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Ghio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Psychology, Institute for Experimental Psychology Heinrich\u2010Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Suchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9320-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver T.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2921"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2006.01729.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2012.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3684-13.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.01.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00133","article-title":"Acute stress selectively reduces reward sensitivity","volume":"7","author":"Berghorst L. H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.11.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2011.01293.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.11.056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4421-06.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0182-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1981.tb01815.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00058027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01312.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1410-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5217-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2701-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066893"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20134"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2014.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.109.4.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0809-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.29.4.650"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.31.1.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23811"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.6.788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.4.510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1094285"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2007.19.12.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2013.04.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018930"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.07.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200503150-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1484-12.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2012.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1864-15.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5695-12.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-012-0104-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12738"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13428","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13428","article-title":"Effects of feedback delay and agency on feedback-locked beta and theta power during reinforcement learning","author":"Weism\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3507-16.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh153"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4537-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2015.07.008"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.13471","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyp.13471","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.13471","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T20:24:54Z","timestamp":1695155094000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.13471"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.13471"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.13471","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e13471"}}