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We studied 278 infants during the repeated Still\u2010Face Paradigm, a standardized stressor, while monitoring cardiac activity (ECG) and respiratory pattern (respiratory inductance plethysmography). Video ratings of physical activity and affect were also performed. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and T\u2010wave amplitude (TWA) served as noninvasive indicators of cardiac parasympathetic and sympathetic activity, respectively. Responses were compared between infants who completed two still\u2010face exposures and those who terminated after one exposure due to visible distress. Findings, controlled for physical activity, showed robust reductions in respiration\u2010adjusted RSA and TWA, with more tonic attenuation of TWA. Infants completing only one still\u2010face trial showed more pronounced autonomic changes and less recovery from stress. They also showed elevated minute ventilation, suggesting hyperventilation. Both reductions in adjusted RSA and TWA contributed equally to heart rate changes and were associated with higher negative and lower positive affect. These associations were more robust in the group of distressed infants unable to complete both still\u2010face trials. Thus, cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal are part of the infant stress response, beyond associated physical activity and respiration changes. Their association with cardiac chronotropy and affect increases as infants' distress level increases. This excess reactivity to social stress should be examined as a predictor of future cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T18:43:14Z","timestamp":1602614594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cardiac sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal during psychosocial stress exposure in 6\u2010month\u2010old infants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0461-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Ritz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Southern Methodist University Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0550-2440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rosenfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Southern Methodist University Dallas TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalind J.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine &amp; Public Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"},{"name":"Institute for Exposomic Research Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Bosquet Enlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Boston Children's Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.30.4.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.114.1.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00350"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032302"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00595-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(96)05197-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.98.4.459"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(94)90027-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2016.04.001","article-title":"The Infant Behavior Questionnaire\u2010Revised: Factor structure in a culturally and sociodemographically diverse sample in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Bosquet E. 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