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One\u2010hundred seventy\u2010one school\u2010aged children (mean age\u00a0=\u00a08.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.6\u00a0years; 46% girls) were recruited. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by a test of maximal oxygen consumption (VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>) while inhibitory control performance was measured via a modified flanker task with an electroencephalogram. Behavioral findings demonstrated that higher cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with higher response accuracy regardless of task difficulty as well as lower response variability during trials with lower cognitive demand. Neuroelectric outcomes revealed that higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with smaller modulation of theta (4\u20137\u00a0Hz) oscillatory power regardless of task difficulty. Collectively, the current findings indicate that higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better performance on a task that modulates inhibitory control, signified by higher, and more stable, task performance. More importantly, higher childhood cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better top\u2010down control and cortical communication, as reflected by midfrontal theta. Such findings support the critical role of cardiorespiratory fitness in brain health during childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]],"date-time":"2020-09-02T18:33:08Z","timestamp":1599071588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Greater childhood cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better top\u2010down cognitive control: A midfrontal theta oscillation study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2143-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu\u2010Shih","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3624-8465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting\u2010Yu","family":"Chueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Physical Education National Taiwan Normal University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8880-0851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih\u2010Chun","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Kinesiology Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Westfall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Raine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel J.","family":"Hopman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Pontifex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darla M.","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Education University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur F.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Beckman Institute University of Illinois Urbana IL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles H.","family":"Hillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Northeastern University Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences Northeastern University Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12936","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12936","article-title":"The role of midfrontal theta oscillations across the development of cognitive control in preschoolers and school\u2010age children","volume":"2020","author":"Adam N.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"ACSM\u2019s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5593-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.26.4.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2014.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2011.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00239"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12364"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","article-title":"Childhood physical inactivity reaches crisis levels around the globe: report compares 49 countries; 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