{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:28:18Z","timestamp":1761845298310,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,8]],"date-time":"2021-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Congruency effect is the increase in response time when relevant and irrelevant cues indicate incongruent rather than congruent responses. The congruency effect is smaller in the trial after an incongruent trial than after a congruent trial: this difference is known as the congruency sequence effect (CSE). Psychophysical and neural studies have suggested that the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the medial prefrontal cortex are associated with the CSE. In the present study, we applied anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation, which is thought to result in excitation and inhibition, respectively, on the LPFC, while human participants were performing a flanker task. We found that the CSE was increased under cathodal stimulation (inhibition) of the LPFC. Moreover, the LPFC stimulation modulated the congruency effect after a congruent trial. Further analyses suggested that the results cannot be explained by any of the currently prevailing hypotheses of the CSE, including the conflict monitoring hypothesis, feature integration hypothesis, and temporal learning account. Based on our findings, we propose that a new distinct mechanism might be involved in the CSE. Specifically, the LPFC might contribute to the CSE by maintaining the attention to the task\u2010relevant information, which is an endogenous goal\u2010oriented function and reduces the carry\u2010over of the task\u2010irrelevant information after a congruent trial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T16:27:47Z","timestamp":1612974467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A role of the lateral prefrontal cortex in the congruency sequence effect revealed by transcranial direct current stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1154-6661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"},{"name":"Cognitive Brain Mapping Laboratory RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"},{"name":"Anhui Provincial Stereotactic Neurosurgical Institute Hefei China"},{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Brain Disease Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rujing","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengde","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Zhuang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; Technology of China Hefei China"},{"name":"Center of Medical Physics and Technology Hefei Institute of Physical Science, CAS Hefei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Institute Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Mapping Laboratory RIKEN Center for Brain Science Wako Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7541-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaochu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Science Division of Life Science and Medicine University of Science &amp; 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