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Thereby, parasympathetically driven orienting and inhibition of on\u2010going behavior in post\u2010encounter situations and defense reactions in circa\u2010strike conditions associated with sympathetically driven action preparation are typically observed across species. Here, we show that healthy humans are characterized by markedly variable individual orienting or defense response tendencies as indexed by differential heart rate (HR) changes during the passive viewing of unpleasant pictures. Critically, these HR response tendencies predict neural gain modulations in cortical attention and preparatory motor circuits as measured by neuromagnetic steady\u2010state visual evoked fields (ssVEFs) and induced beta\u2010band (19\u201330\u00a0Hz) desynchronization, respectively. Decelerative HR orienting responses were associated with increased ssVEF power in the parietal cortex and reduced beta\u2010band desynchronization in pre\u2010motor and motor areas. However, accelerative HR defense response tendencies covaried with reduced ssVEF power in the parietal cortex and lower beta\u2010band desynchronization in cortical motor circuits. These results show that neural gain in attention\u2010 and motor\u2010relevant brain areas is modulated by HR indexed threat imminence during the passive viewing of unpleasant pictures. The observed mutual ssVEF and beta\u2010band power modulations in attention and motor brain circuits support the idea of two prevalent response tendencies characterized by orienting and motor inhibition or reduced stimulus processing and action initiation tendencies at different perceived threat imminence levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T04:49:32Z","timestamp":1621918172000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Threat imminence modulates neural gain in attention and motor relevant brain circuits in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Javier","family":"de Echegaray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience Center for Biomedical Technology Polytechnic University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0824-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Moratti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience Center for Biomedical Technology Polytechnic University of Madrid Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Neuroscience Center for Biomedical Technology Polytechnic University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60597-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashrafulla S. 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