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Therefore, the aim of this study was a systematic analysis of cardiac reactions in aversive and appetitive conditioning. Olfactory stimuli were used as unconditioned stimuli as they are suitable reinforcers in both an aversive and an appetitive conditioning offering the opportunity for a comparison between conditioned responses. In total,<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a086 participants took part in both an aversive and an appetitive differential conditioning task with a counterbalanced order across participants. Aversive or appetitive odors, respectively, served as UCS and neutral geometrical figures as CS. Subjective ratings, skin conductance response (SCRs), and evoked cardiac reactions were analyzed and compared between tasks. Conditioned responses in subjective ratings could be observed in both aversive conditioning and appetitive conditioning, while SCRs discriminated between CS+ and CS\u2212 in aversive conditioning only. Regarding conditioned cardiac responses, the deceleration for the CS+ was longer than for the CS\u2212 in both tasks. In addition, a higher deceleration magnitude and a shorter acceleration for the CS+ as compared to the CS\u2212 were found in aversive but not in appetitive conditioning. There were medium\u2010size correlations between aversive and appetitive CRs for subjective ratings and none for physiological responses. The results suggest similarities between cardiac response patterns in aversive and appetitive conditioning, which implies that bradycardia in conditioning might not be fear\u2010specific but presents a valence\u2010independent CS\u2010elicited bradycardia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T18:12:52Z","timestamp":1628878372000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Cardiac response in aversive and appetitive olfactory conditioning: Evidence for a valence\u2010independent CS\u2010elicited bradycardia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0741-9045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Exner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Siegen Siegen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabell","family":"Tapia Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Siegen Siegen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik M.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Marburg Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology University of Siegen Siegen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00128"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006\u20108993(82)90123\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"The orienting reflex in humans","author":"Bohlin G.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.1986.9711035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2008.00702.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528\u20103542.1.3.276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665523.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107916(94)90063\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735\u20107044.107.6.970"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956\u20107976.2005.01558.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2005.03987.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"224","volume-title":"Handbook of psychophysiology","author":"Brownley K. 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