{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:42:27Z","timestamp":1753879347101,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS102201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS102201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>When unexpected events occur during goal\u2010directed behavior, they automatically trigger an orienting\u2010related cascade of psychological and neural processes through which they influence behavior and cognition. If the unexpected event was caused by an action error, additional error\u2010specific, strategic\u2010related processes have been proposed to follow the initial orienting period. Little is known about the neural interactions between action errors and unexpected perceptual events, two instantiations of unexpected events, in these two putative stages of post\u2010error processing. Here, we aimed to address this by investigating the electrophysiological dynamics associated with action errors and unexpected perceptual events using scalp EEG with a focus on the frontal midline (FM) delta\u2010to\u2010theta oscillations (1\u20138\u00a0Hz) indicative of the performance\u2010monitoring system. Specifically, we examined how the timing of unexpected sounds would influence behavior and neural oscillations after action errors, depending on the length of the intertrial interval (ITI). Our data showed that unexpected sounds aggravated post\u2010error decreases in accuracy when they occurred (1) immediately after errors (i.e., post\u2010error orienting period), regardless of ITI and (2) immediately after the post\u2010error stimulus (i.e., post\u2010error strategic period), at short ITIs. Meanwhile, action errors and unexpected sounds independently produced increased FM delta\u2010to\u2010theta power during the post\u2010error orienting period, regardless of ITIs. However, when unexpected sounds occurred during the post\u2010error strategic period, action errors produced lower FM delta\u2010to\u2010theta power than correct responses, at short ITIs. These differential effects of unexpected events on behavior and FM delta\u2010to\u2010theta dynamics support the notion of the two post\u2010error periods during which different processes are implemented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T13:41:34Z","timestamp":1628775694000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Timing\u2010dependent differential effects of unexpected events on error processing reveal the interactive dynamics of surprise and error processing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan R.","family":"Wessel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Iowa City IA 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