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The similarity graph algorithm is a nonlinear method that analyzes segments of IBI time series (i.e., time windows)\u2014possibly being more sensitive to transient and spontaneous IBI fluctuations. We hypothesized that the similarity graph algorithm would detect differences between Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and control groups. Resting electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings were collected in 10\u201318\u2010year\u2010olds with ADHD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a037) and controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a036). IBIs were converted to graphs that were subsequently investigated for similarity. We varied the criterion for defining IBIs as similar, assessing which setting best distinguished ADHD and control groups. Using this setting, we applied the similarity graph algorithm to time windows of 2\u20135, 6\u201313 and 12\u201325\u00a0s, respectively. We also performed traditional IBI analyses. Independent samples <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> tests assessed group differences. Results showed that a 1.5% criterion of similarity and a time window of 2\u20135\u00a0s best distinguished adolescents with ADHD and controls. The similarity graph algorithm showed a higher number of edges, maximum edges and cliques, and lower edges10+10\/edges2+2 in the ADHD group compared to controls. The results suggested more similar IBIs in the ADHD group compared to the controls, possibly due to altered vagal activity and less effective regulation of heart rate. Traditional analyses did not detect any group differences. Consequently, the similarity graph algorithm might complement traditional IBI analyses as a marker of psychopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T03:21:00Z","timestamp":1644204060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Innovative approaches in investigating <scp>inter\u2010beat<\/scp> intervals: Graph theoretical method suggests altered autonomic functioning in adolescents with <scp>ADHD<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4319-2861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabet","family":"Kvadsheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole Bernt","family":"Fasmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erlend Eindride","family":"Fasmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher  Harstad Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"R. Hauge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian F.","family":"Thayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Science University of California, Irvine  Irvine California United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berge","family":"Osnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Bj\u00f8rgvin District Psychiatric Centre Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Haavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Koenig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steinunn","family":"Adolfsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Visual Impairments Statped \u2010 National Service for Special Needs Education  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin Jessica","family":"Plessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Medical Psychology University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550059411428555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u20104","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2017.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2011.01341.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-970-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402\u2010012\u20100072\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2018.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.102052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2890542"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219413518582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390701540124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.89.068102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17554\/j.issn.2309\u20106861.2016.03.101\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"ADHD rating scale\u2010IV. 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