{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T22:18:48Z","timestamp":1789597128436,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018M643432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018M643432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31530032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31530032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non\u2010invasive, transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve (taVNS) via the ear is used therapeutically in epilepsy, pain, and depression, and may also have beneficial effects on social cognition. However, the underlying mechanisms of taVNS are unclear and evidence regarding its role in social cognition improvement is limited. To investigate the impact of taVNS on social cognition we have studied its effects on gaze toward emotional faces in combination with eye\u2010tracking and on the release of the neuropeptide oxytocin which plays a key role in influencing social cognition and motivation. A total of 54 subjects were enrolled (49 were included in the final analysis) in a sham\u2010controlled, participant\u2010blind, crossover experiment, consisting of two treatment sessions 1 week apart. In one session participants received 30\u2010min taVNS (tragus), and in the other, they received 30\u2010min sham (earlobe) stimulation with the treatment order counterbalanced. The proportion of time spent viewing the faces and facial features (eyes, nose, and mouth) was measured together with resting pupil size. Additionally, saliva samples were taken for the measurement of oxytocin concentrations by enzyme\u2010linked immunoassay. Saliva oxytocin concentrations increased significantly after taVNS compared to sham stimulation, while resting pupil size did not. In addition, taVNS increased time spent viewing the nose region irrespective of face emotion, and this was positively correlated with increased saliva oxytocin concentrations. Our findings suggest that taVNS biases visual attention toward socially salient facial features across different emotions and this is associated with its effects on increasing endogenous oxytocin release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T04:09:20Z","timestamp":1653970160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation increases eye\u2010gaze on salient facial features and oxytocin release"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5851-742X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education Ulm University  Ulm Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-8219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology Southwest University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education of China| Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Committee of Health and Family Planning of China| Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences|Neuroscience Research Institute Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuxia","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-5904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Kendrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1780-4606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weihua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103999(94)90005\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20103999(94)90006\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200109000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000054629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2020.107863"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2016.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20103956(03)00074\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00057.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1698-3_296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301570"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.104166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010018\u20100596\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037688"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38662"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201018183\u20103"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system","volume":"25","author":"Gong X.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2020.102881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","first-page":"321","volume-title":"Behavioral pharmacology of neuropeptides: Oxytocin","author":"Kendrick K. M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201047961\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010021\u201001241\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702\u2010007\u20100755\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398\u2010020\u20100830\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.01.03.22268708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.06.008"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"272","article-title":"Enhancement of the function of rat serotonin and norepinephrine neurons by sustained vagus nerve stimulation","volume":"34","author":"Manta S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107465"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12596"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010021\u201021730\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526\u20104637.2012.01385.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528\u20101157.2002.16102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051534"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705521114"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1361\u201020.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0943"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010021\u201000928\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20101716.1988.tb08294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901940306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2329\u201020.2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107201"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","first-page":"476","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II among depression patients","volume":"25","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese Mental Health Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843X.97.3.346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12650"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.07.1093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.02.001"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.14107","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyp.14107","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.14107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T11:52:24Z","timestamp":1692618744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.14107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.14107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.14107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14107"}}