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In humans, it has been demonstrated that fear learning typically elicits transient heart rate deceleration. However, classical analyses of heart rate variability (HRV) fail to disentangle the contribution of parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, and crucially, they are not able to capture phasic changes during fear learning. Here, to gain deeper insight into the physiological underpinnings of fear learning, a novel frequency\u2010domain analysis of heart rate was performed using a short\u2010time Fourier transform, and instantaneous spectral estimates extracted from a point\u2010process modeling algorithm. We tested whether spectral transient components of HRV, used as a noninvasive probe of sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms, can dissociate between fear conditioned and neutral stimuli. We found that learned fear elicited a transient heart rate deceleration in anticipation of noxious stimuli. Crucially, results revealed a significant increase in spectral power in the high frequency band when facing the conditioned stimulus, indicating increased parasympathetic (vagal) activity, which distinguished conditioned and neutral stimuli during fear learning. Our findings provide a proximal measure of the involvement of cardiac vagal dynamics into the psychophysiology of fear learning and extinction, thus offering new insights for the characterization of fear in mental health and illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T18:59:06Z","timestamp":1654628346000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Characterizing cardiac autonomic dynamics of fear learning in humans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience University of Bologna  Cesena 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