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A systematic and meta\u2010analytic review of cardiac vagal activity was conducted, indexed with the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in the context of the diving response. The search on MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, ProQuest and PsycNet was finalized on November 6th, 2021. Studies with human participants were considered, measuring RMSSD pre\u2010 and during and\/or post\u2010exposure to at least one trigger of the diving response. Seventeen papers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009311) met inclusion criteria. Triggers examined include face immersion or cooling, SCUBA diving, and total body immersion into water. Compared to resting conditions, a significant moderate to large positive effect was found for RMSSD during exposure (Hedges' g\u00a0=\u00a00.59, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.82, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001), but not post\u2010exposure (g\u00a0=\u00a00.11, 95% CI \u22120.14 to 0.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.34). Among the considered moderators, total body immersion had a significantly larger effect than forehead cooling (Q<jats:sub>M<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u200923.46, df\u00a0=\u00a01, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001). No further differences were detected. Limitations were the small number of studies included, heterogenous triggers, few participants and low quality of evidence. Further research is needed to investigate the role of cardiac sympathetic activity and of the moderators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T16:09:35Z","timestamp":1665504575000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The diving response and cardiac vagal activity: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0720-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan Peter","family":"Ackermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Raab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"School of Applied Sciences London South Bank University  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Backschat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David John Charles","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Javelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4842-6548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvain","family":"Laborde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Performance Psychology Institute of Psychology, German Sport University Cologne  Cologne Germany"},{"name":"UFR STAPS, EA 4260, Cesams Normandie Universit\u00e9  Caen France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010009\u20101253\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167\u20108760(92)90021\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010201x.1968.tb10892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22462\/11.12.2017.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"Le\u00e7ons sur la physiologie compar\u00e9e de la respiration","author":"Bert P.","year":"1870"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121\u2010013\u20100377\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100838.2010.01246.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010009\u20101010\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.2.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-179060-8.50006-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2020.1749313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421\u2010015\u20103129\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Peripheral arterial chemoreceptors and respiratory\u2010cardiovascular integration","volume":"46","author":"Daly M. 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