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Notably, a number of studies demonstrated that neurofeedback\u2010based regulation of fMRI activity in several emotion\u2010related areas leads to modifications of emotional behavior along with changes of neural activity in local and distributed networks, in both healthy individuals and individuals with emotional disorders. However, the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying self\u2010regulation of the emotional brain, as well as their relationship with other emotion regulation strategies, is still limited. In this study, we attempted to delineate neuroanatomical regions mediating real\u2010time fMRI\u2010based emotion regulation by exploring whole brain GM and WM features predictive of self\u2010regulation of anterior insula (AI) activity, a neuromodulation procedure that can successfully support emotional brain regulation in healthy individuals and patients. To this aim, we employed a multivariate kernel ridge regression model to assess brain volumetric features, at regional and network level, predictive of real\u2010time fMRI\u2010based AI regulation. Our results showed that several GM regions including fronto\u2010occipital and medial temporal areas and the basal ganglia as well as WM regions including the fronto\u2010occipital fasciculus, tapetum and fornix significantly predicted learned AI regulation. Remarkably, we observed a substantial contribution of the cerebellum in relation to both the most effective regulation run and average neurofeedback performance. Overall, our findings highlighted specific neurostructural features contributing to individual differences of AI\u2010guided emotion regulation. Notably, such neuroanatomical topography partially overlaps with the neurofunctional network associated with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, suggesting common neural mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]],"date-time":"2022-12-16T06:29:50Z","timestamp":1671172190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neuroanatomical predictors of real\u2010time <scp>fMRI<\/scp>\u2010based anterior insula regulation. 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