{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T21:43:14Z","timestamp":1791582194075,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]],"date-time":"2023-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11J7521N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11J7521N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perseverative cognitions can provoke psychophysiological stress in the absence of an actual stressor and are considered important transdiagnostic vulnerability factors for several (mental) health issues. These stress\u2010related cognitive processes are reflected by both cognitive (assessed by self\u2010reports) and autonomic inflexibility (assessed by heart rate variability; HRV), with a key role attributed to the vagus nerve. Interestingly, modulation of the afferent branches of the vagus can be achieved with transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS), a non\u2010invasive technique that employs a low\u2010intensity electrical current applied to the ear. In a sample of healthy individuals, we investigated the effects of taVNS of the left concha, compared to sham (earlobe) stimulation, on the cognitive and autonomic correlates of perseverative cognition following a psychosocial stress task. Interestingly, taVNS significantly reduced cognitive rigidity, reflected by reduced subjective perseverative thinking after psychosocial stress. Although there were no direct effects on autonomic correlates of perseverative cognition, individual differences in perseverative thinking after the stressor significantly affected the effects of taVNS on HRV. Specifically, more autonomic inflexibility during the stress task (i.e., reduced HRV) was associated with increases in perseverative thinking afterward for the sham condition, but not the active taVNS condition. Additional exploratory analyses revealed no significant moderation of stimulation intensity. Overall, the study findings endorse the association between perseverative cognitions and vagus nerve functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T04:09:52Z","timestamp":1674446992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of non\u2010invasive vagus nerve stimulation on cognitive and autonomic correlates of perseverative cognition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3764-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"De\u00a0Smet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Ottaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9991-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Verkuil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Leiden University  Leiden the Netherlands"},{"name":"Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC)  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5181-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchel","family":"Kappen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-3041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Baeken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Brussels University Hospital  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4045-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie\u2010Anne","family":"Vanderhasselt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2019.103850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089\u20102680.10.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Beck depression inventory\u2013II [Data set]","author":"Beck A. T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426\u2010013\u20100517\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2009.00972.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00523"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223848"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005\u20107967(83)90121\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braithwaite J. J. Watson D. G. Jones R. &Rowe M.(2013).A guide for analysing electrodermal activity (EDA) & skin conductance responses (SCRs) for psychological experiments 49(1) 1017\u20131034.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2012.01384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201029561\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2017.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13885"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2008.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015\u20105759\/a000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2008.1.3.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/ENR.2011.06.04.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.105070"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.568051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010018\u20100596\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipej.2016.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306\u20104530(02)00069\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00758"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12443"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010020\u201000800\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702\u2010012\u20100908\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2022.103008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20108721.01246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702\u2010007\u20100755\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.4.818"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. V.(2021).Emmeans: Estimated marginal means aka least\u2010squares means. R package version 1.6. 1.https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=emmeans"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.267.1.H411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.632697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2019.111020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700009934"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000448"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.61.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20106924.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102281.2001.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104803"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","unstructured":"Raes F. Hermans D. &Eelen P.(2003).De Nederlandstalige versie van de Ruminative Response Scale en de Rumination on Sadness Scale (The Dutch version of the Rumination Response Scale and the Rumination on Sadness Scale) 36 97\u2013104."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2017.1372628"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","volume-title":"Mini international neuropsychiatric interview 7.0.2","author":"Sheehan D. V.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004\u2010282X20140061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","unstructured":"Sjak\u2010Shie E. E.(2019).PhysioData Toolbox (Version 0.5) [Computer software].https:\/\/PhysioDataToolbox.leidenuniv.nl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.979357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2203\/dose\u2010response.004.01.002.Thayer"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165\u20100327(00)00338\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440290025867"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2008.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","unstructured":"Van der Does A. J. W.(2002).BDI\u2010II\u2010NL. Handleiding. De Nederlandse versie van de Beck depression inventory."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415\u2010015\u20100345\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.009110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00284"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12081038"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741\u20102560\/10\/2\/026003"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.14250","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/psyp.14250","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.14250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T18:38:00Z","timestamp":1692729480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.14250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.14250"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.14250","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14250"}}