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However, the relationships of UCR with defensive responses during extinction training, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, and fearful traits in trauma\u2010exposed individuals are not known. In a sample of 100 trauma\u2010exposed adults with a continuum of PTSD severity, we recorded startle responses and skin conductance responses (SCR) during fear acquisition and extinction training using a 140\u2009psi, 250\u2010ms air blast to the larynx as the unconditioned stimulus. We explored dimensional associations of two different measures of UCR (unconditioned startle and unconditioned SCR) with conditioned defensive responding to CS+ and CS\u2212, conditioned fear (CS+ minus CS\u2212), PTSD symptom severity, and a measure of fearful traits (composite of fear survey schedule, anxiety sensitivity index, and Connor\u2010Davidson resilience scale). Unconditioned startle was positively associated with startle potentiation to the threat cue and the safety cue across both learning phases (CS+ Acquisition, CS\u2212 Acquisition, CS+ Extinction Training, CS\u2212 Extinction Training) and with fearful traits. Unconditioned SCR was positively associated with SCR to the CS+ and CS\u2212 and SCR difference score during Acquisition. Neither type of UCR was associated with PTSD symptom severity. Our findings suggest that UCR, particularly unconditioned startle to a naturally aversive stimulus, may inform research on biomarkers and treatment targets for symptoms of pervasive and persistent fear in trauma\u2010exposed individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1698985477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unconditioned response to a naturally aversive stimulus is associated with sensitized defensive responding and self\u2010reported fearful traits in a <scp>PTSD<\/scp> sample"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-9055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research McLean Hospital  Belmont Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Bradford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Science Oregon State University  Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eyl\u00fcl","family":"Akman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research McLean Hospital  Belmont Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Frederiks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research McLean Hospital  Belmont Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7699-6754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott L.","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research McLean Hospital  Belmont Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6988-3858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabelle M.","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Research McLean Hospital  Belmont Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601\u2010183X.2012.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742\u2010000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2005.00271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2012.01384.x"},{"volume-title":"Whose signals are being amplified?","year":"2022","author":"Bradford D. 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