{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:19:19Z","timestamp":1787015959359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Regular participation in sports results in a series of physiological adaptations. However, little is known about the brain adaptations to physical activity. Here we aimed to investigate whether young endurance athletes and non\u2010athletes differ in the gray and white matter of the brain and whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with these differences. We assessed the CRF, volumes of the gray and white matter of the brain using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), and brain white matter connections using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) in 20 young male endurance athletes and 21 healthy non\u2010athletes. While total brain volume was similar in both groups, the white matter volume was larger and the gray matter volume was smaller in the athletes compared to non\u2010athletes. The reduction of gray matter was located in the association areas of the brain that are specialized in processing of sensory stimuli. In the microstructure analysis, significant group differences were found only in the association tracts, for example, the inferior occipito\u2010frontal fascicle (IOFF) showing higher fractional anisotropy and lower radial diffusivity, indicating stronger myelination in this tract. Additionally, gray and white matter brain volumes, as well as association tracts correlated with CRF. No changes were observed in other brain areas or tracts. In summary, the brain signature of the endurance athlete is characterized by changes in the integration of sensory and motor information in the association areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T00:24:55Z","timestamp":1699662295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Brains of endurance athletes differ in the association areas but not in the primary areas"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0321-2119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Geisler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Friedrich Schiller University Jena  Jena Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feliberto","family":"de la Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikos","family":"Makris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tashrif","family":"Billah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren J.","family":"O'Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Bouix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de g\u00e9nie logiciel et TI, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Herbsleb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"},{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion Friedrich Schiller University Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl\u2010J\u00fcrgen","family":"B\u00e4r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine University Hospital Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zora","family":"Kikinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Somerville Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology Friedrich Schiller University Jena  Jena Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.626769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmrb.1996.0086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768\u2010200106001\u201000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429\u2010020\u201002170\u2010y"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health\u2010related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen C. 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