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Expert and intermediate umpires were asked to make ball\/strike calls on videotaped pitches of left\u2010 and right\u2010handed pitchers and rate their certainty for the call while undergoing scanning. Behavioral results replicated previous findings that expert umpires were more certain but not more accurate or quicker than intermediate umpires, suggesting that, as sports officials, umpires may learn to project confidence to maintain control of the game. At the neural level, expert umpires exhibited more extensive and pronounced activations within the action observation network, dorsal striatum, and cerebellum. These heightened neural responses were probably associated with their enhanced visual processing abilities for pitching action and ball trajectory, honed over years of officiating. Notably, both expert and intermediate umpires exhibited decreased accuracy when judging pitches from left\u2010handed pitchers compared to right\u2010handed ones. These challenges in accuracy corresponded with weaker neural activations in the aforementioned brain regions, implying difficulties in processing specific visual details of the rarely encountered left\u2010handed pitchers. Moreover, slightly longer reaction times and reduced uncertainty were observed particularly for left\u2010handed ball pitches, as revealed by lower activation in the right premotor cortex, highlighting issues with predictive processing. In summary, our findings shed light on the influence of pitcher handedness on the pitch\u2010calling behavior of baseball umpires and extend the current understanding of the perceptual and decision\u2010making behavior of sports officials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T04:20:11Z","timestamp":1705119611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The influence of pitcher handedness on pitch\u2010calling behavior: Insights from <scp>fMRI<\/scp> study on baseball umpires"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2481-1054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin\u2010Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science National Taiwan Sport University  Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih\u2010Kuei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Chinese Culture University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2012.08104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1554\u201007.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00568"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22455"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311\u2010014\u20100627\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.07.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7352\/IJSP.2012.43.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1260\/1747\u20109541.8.3.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac271"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25186"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000312"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.3.831"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn755"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jqas\u20102017\u20100027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.03.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117398"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953\u2010816x.2001.01538.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065\u2010014\u20109246\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028\u20103932(92)90065\u2010T"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166\u20102236(92)90344\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green E. &Daniels D. 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