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However, effects on the nervous system are heterogeneous and may depend on the amount of current that penetrates. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the variable effects of tDCS on heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of the functional state of the autonomic nervous system. Using three prefrontal tDCS protocols (1.5, 3\u2009mA and sham), we associated the simulated individual electric field (E\u2010field) magnitude in brain regions of interest with the HRV effects. This was a randomized, double\u2010blinded, sham\u2010controlled and within\u2010subject trial, in which healthy young\u2010adult participants received tDCS sessions separated by 2\u2009weeks. The brain regions of interest were the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex, insula and amygdala. Overall, 37 participants were investigated, corresponding to a total of 111 tDCS sessions. The findings suggested that HRV, measured by root mean squared of successive differences (RMSSD) and high\u2010frequency HRV (HF\u2010HRV), were significantly increased by the 3.0\u2009mA tDCS when compared to sham and 1.5\u2009mA. No difference was found between sham and 1.5\u2009mA. E\u2010field analysis showed that all brain regions of interest were associated with the HRV outcomes. However, this significance was associated with the protocol intensity, rather than inter\u2010individual brain structural variability. To conclude, our results suggest a dose\u2010dependent effect of tDCS for HRV. Therefore, further research is warranted to investigate the optimal current dose to modulate HRV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,9]],"date-time":"2024-03-09T03:04:22Z","timestamp":1709953462000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Dose\u2010dependent response of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on the heart rate variability: An electric field modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0071-0921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"La\u00eds B.","family":"Razza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3764-3734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"De\u00a0Smet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Skin, Psychiatry and Medical Psychology Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xander","family":"Cornelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stevan","family":"Nikolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Black Dog Institute  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias M.","family":"Pulopulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"De\u00a0Raedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre R.","family":"Brunoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo &amp; 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