{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:36:10Z","timestamp":1791380170919,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is a growing interest in the clinical application of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS). However, its effect on cortical excitability, and whether this is modulated by stimulation duration, remains unclear. We evaluated whether taVNS can modify excitability in the primary motor cortex (M1) in middle\u2010aged and older adults and whether the stimulation duration moderates this effect. In addition, we evaluated the blinding efficacy of a commonly reported sham method. In a double\u2010blinded randomized cross\u2010over sham\u2010controlled study, 23 healthy adults (mean age 59.91\u2009\u00b1\u20096.87\u2009years) received three conditions: active taVNS for 30 and 60\u2009min and sham for 30\u2009min. Single and paired\u2010pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over the right M1 to evaluate motor\u2010evoked potentials. Adverse events, heart rate and blood pressure measures were evaluated. Participant blinding effectiveness was assessed via guesses about group allocation. There was an increase in short\u2010interval intracortical inhibition (\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20097.006,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002) and a decrease in short\u2010interval intracortical facilitation (\n                    <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094.602,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.014) after 60\u2009min of taVNS, but not 30\u2009min, compared to sham. taVNS was tolerable and safe. Heart rate and blood pressure were not modified by taVNS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009.05). Overall, 96% of participants detected active stimulation and 22% detected sham stimulation. taVNS modifies cortical excitability in M1 and its effect depends on stimulation duration in middle\u2010aged and older adults. taVNS increased GABA\n                    <jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\n                    ergic inhibition and decreased glutamatergic activity. Sham taVNS protocol is credible but there is an imbalance in beliefs about group allocation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T04:29:48Z","timestamp":1712809788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation modifies cortical excitability in middle\u2010aged and older adults"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9211-6585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf N. 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