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Individual differences in cooperation might also vary as a function of people's environmental sensitivity (ES), i.e., may be influenced by individual differences in the perception and processing of inner and external stimuli. We tested the direct and interactive effect of CVT and ES on cooperative behaviors in two independent samples. We measured heart rate and engagement in cooperative acts in 80 young adults (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923.61; <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.60) who were also asked to self\u2010report on ES. We found an inverted\u2010U relationship between CVT and cooperative behaviors. ES, on the other hand, did not predict differences in cooperative behaviors but moderated the relationships between CVT and cooperation, although the magnitude of this result was small. Specifically, only among individuals with higher ES cooperative behaviors change as a function of CVT. Highly sensitive individuals with lower or higher CVT, were less cooperative than low sensitive ones. Subsequently, we replicated the same study design in a second sample of 88 undergraduate students (<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923.69; <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094.91). Once again, we found evidence supporting the presence of an inverted\u2010U relationship between CVT and cooperative behaviors, and we also found that ES moderated the relationships between the quadratic CVT term and cooperation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T03:59:11Z","timestamp":1719892751000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moderate cardiac vagal tone predicts more cooperation in highly sensitive individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libera Ylenia","family":"Mastromatteo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences University G. 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