{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:48:19Z","timestamp":1784591299330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interoception, the perception of visceral sensations, is key for several survival functions, including those related to feeding behavior. Sensations of hunger and satiety are mediated by gastric signals transmitted via the vagus nerve to the Nucleus of Solitary Tract. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been shown to modulate brain\u2010viscera communication and to impact interoceptive processing in the cardiac domain. Yet, its effect on gastric interoception remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate taVNS' modulatory effects on gastric interoception using the Water Load Test\u2010II (WLT\u2010II) and its impact on food\u2010related dispositions through a disposition and willingness to eat task (DWET). Participants underwent active or sham taVNS while performing the WLT\u2010II and DWET. Results showed no significant difference in gastric interoceptive accuracy and amount of water ingested between taVNS groups. However, we found a significant reduction in food liking after the fullness phase of the WLT\u2010II in the active (vs sham) taVNS group, suggesting an influence of vagal activation in the inhibition of food enjoyment when satiated. These findings suggest that, while taVNS may not directly enhance gastric interoceptive accuracy at a conscious level, it influences food\u2010related dispositions, likely by modulating the processing of gastric signals. Further research exploring the intricate relationship between vagal modulation, interoceptive abilities and eating behaviors is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and, possibly, develop targeted interventions for eating disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T03:11:33Z","timestamp":1732936293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigating the modulation of gastric sensations and disposition toward food with\n                    <scp>taVNS<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-9722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Salaris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"},{"name":"School of Psychology University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6054-7775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben T.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"394","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"RStudio: Integrated development environment for R","volume":"770","author":"Allaire J.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Boston, MA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.114016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2017.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00307"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Heart rate variability as a biomarker for electrical vagus nerve stimulation","author":"Borges U.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.3.463"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200109000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0186-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59766-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-04365-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271538"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2023.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2023.02.078"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00223"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000358316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01321-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13546"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2512-8442\/a000062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036646"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2014.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3204-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00854"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47961-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/3j5xy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Lenth R. Singmann H. Love J. Buerkner P. &Herve M.(2019).R Package\u2018emmeans.\u2019 Package Version. 1(3.2)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.858612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(83)90140-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.632697"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2018.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Trans\u2010auricular vagus nerve stimulation in the treatment of recovered patients affected by eating and feeding disorders and their comorbidities","volume":"32","author":"Melis Y.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatria Danubina"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00561-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105061"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00617.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"Morey R. D. Rouder J. N. Jamil T. &Morey M. R. D.(2015).Package\u2018bayesfactor.\u2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17344-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321664111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.600995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520003840"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2021.111054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.85567"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22541"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33321"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2021.100270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25288"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02486.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94953-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2021.108152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2023.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s003810050021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105719"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00176-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00998623"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13933"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89417-8"}],"container-title":["Psychophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/psyp.14735","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T06:29:34Z","timestamp":1761114574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/psyp.14735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/psyp.14735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.14735","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0048-5772","1469-8986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0048-5772","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-8986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14735"}}